tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11078144815014122672024-03-13T01:02:22.284-05:00Radio Theory and designUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger601125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-79712905416881061742023-02-23T10:39:00.144-06:002023-02-23T18:47:24.409-06:00Charging and discharging a coil to power a joule thief.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqadf567EvZAYSknq8ckJ97H130QdTZpdAOsUTCBvh3onBQ3jVf5_wd_daTR0cfKp34k3IxVB0TNhYfE4EPKWp35SbSvpibTzU2CHsFDJcMysfTzW1EWNF62E37ZIli3cX2QNycnktBCQBH_Zon6NLS9pnseV6j8iPu1SMrGjxUZQ74dUgaYrHXLcOaw/s1309/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-23%2007-50-38.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1309" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqadf567EvZAYSknq8ckJ97H130QdTZpdAOsUTCBvh3onBQ3jVf5_wd_daTR0cfKp34k3IxVB0TNhYfE4EPKWp35SbSvpibTzU2CHsFDJcMysfTzW1EWNF62E37ZIli3cX2QNycnktBCQBH_Zon6NLS9pnseV6j8iPu1SMrGjxUZQ74dUgaYrHXLcOaw/w640-h350/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-23%2007-50-38.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Notice the time delay when power is switched on. </p><p>The CEMF in the coil delays the current buildup. </p><p>The current continues to build as long as power is applied. </p><p>When the input falls the current decays just as it increased when it was applied.</p><p>The voltage (green) reverses polarity.</p><p>The current (red falls just as it rose in the same polarity.</p><p>What you need to see here is the EMF produces current which produces CEMF opposes the current. There is a time delay as current builds and as current falls.</p><p>The inductor opposes change in current. This delay in rise and storage then delays the decay as it releases the energy back into the circuit.</p><p>How does the voltage reverse in the green waveform? The current is unidirectional and the polarity is determined by seeing the coil as a source or sink. </p><p>(sinking)</p><p>As it is drawing power from the power source the bottom terminal is negative and the top terminal is positive. </p><p>(sourcing)</p><p>As it returns energy to the circuit the top terminal is negative and the bottom is positive.</p><p>With this in mind look at the joule thief.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7q4dx3pM2lNLYDkNtfITAskTXrXzZmuzb1Gnwvv_T7qgcVXzi1xq55zUDSmr7_XEhhw3Dclp3JDXyaKWhMixLkHsh4vhdIzySgHjtsxE8NKNmiraT6WBkjQHQda9BCVHxti8SxB1MLN1UR1Jb7z30CV8YahHrCucwq1HrRGBfHoNncJULnZVHi8wmpw/s700/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-23%2018-02-23.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="700" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7q4dx3pM2lNLYDkNtfITAskTXrXzZmuzb1Gnwvv_T7qgcVXzi1xq55zUDSmr7_XEhhw3Dclp3JDXyaKWhMixLkHsh4vhdIzySgHjtsxE8NKNmiraT6WBkjQHQda9BCVHxti8SxB1MLN1UR1Jb7z30CV8YahHrCucwq1HrRGBfHoNncJULnZVHi8wmpw/w640-h374/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-23%2018-02-23.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>If the 2N3904 is switched on the coil is directly across the battery. The top is positive and the bottom is negative.</p><p>As the field builds in the coil it couples to the base coil and turns the 2N3904 off.</p><p>As the field collapses the current is maintained with the top of the coil negative and the bottom positive.</p><p>As you can see the diode "sees" the battery voltage and the coil voltage in series and the voltage is the sum off the two.</p><p>This is how can a "dead" cell powers a LED that requires between 2 and 3 volts.</p><p>As we know there is no such thing as a free energy (outside nuke). What we have here is energy conversion. The low voltage is stepped up as the current is maintained for a short period of time.</p><p>Power is a function of time. We dissipate 1mw of power in 1 millisecond or 1 microsecond. To produce the power the short pulse would be higher voltage or current. </p><p>A tip of the hat to the ladies and thanks for the project idea. I can see a couple of joule thiefs in making.</p><p><br /></p><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-70209726259010903342023-02-15T08:34:00.000-06:002023-02-15T08:34:39.903-06:00A closer look at the joule thief or the facinating world of magnetism<p> From its humble beginning 200 years ago our understanding and use of magnetism has come a long way. A short history lesson. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-xIGEQw2BhorrFoNDYK5v5d8UKQX-t7MXkukGjPRkNxhruyyllEy171XJQjso20eIzS59cGJU9JonD16kPqRoDYsVsm4I1wWAc_8e9x8VnC5Hz6wOGbQO8-clz7qGMSOfnwrtdb8wx18vOmBNQq5WtunuK1aI21dHHqpB-cOALhaf65loklGHczCIcQ/s1024/1024px-Telegraph_Sounder.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-xIGEQw2BhorrFoNDYK5v5d8UKQX-t7MXkukGjPRkNxhruyyllEy171XJQjso20eIzS59cGJU9JonD16kPqRoDYsVsm4I1wWAc_8e9x8VnC5Hz6wOGbQO8-clz7qGMSOfnwrtdb8wx18vOmBNQq5WtunuK1aI21dHHqpB-cOALhaf65loklGHczCIcQ/w640-h426/1024px-Telegraph_Sounder.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p>The telegraph sounder was basically a relay with no contacts. When power was applied it would click. When the power was removed it would clack. The time between the click clack would be long or short and would represent the characters in the message.</p><p>click-----clack---------------click----------clack would be the letter A. Many years later we added a closed contact and fed the coil through it. This made a buzzer which was easier (for me) to copy.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhopJx-7LCL_Om2jzGe-NIhDCn7jt4RasoqMJHrLpqeHDOxvyOo0pjZSiL1pxLJDIk126PjWZNcSdOQXALCv1y2-ddLidicxy0UnVGIjdnYutyylVZtny4Ek9u95fw3e1-IjUXBNqszJYw9ePZ2xNpsgh0aUtJdZ1yvRligX6MWNxAgMxcBLq_auX-d1Q/s1024/Heathkit_Vibrator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhopJx-7LCL_Om2jzGe-NIhDCn7jt4RasoqMJHrLpqeHDOxvyOo0pjZSiL1pxLJDIk126PjWZNcSdOQXALCv1y2-ddLidicxy0UnVGIjdnYutyylVZtny4Ek9u95fw3e1-IjUXBNqszJYw9ePZ2xNpsgh0aUtJdZ1yvRligX6MWNxAgMxcBLq_auX-d1Q/w640-h480/Heathkit_Vibrator.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>The next step after the buzzer was a couple of more contacts feeding a transformer. This allow us to step up the 6v car battery to the thousands of volts needed to feed the spark plug in your car or to power the car radio (the tube sets of that day needed a 100 volts or more.<br /><br /><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzemgfGwpbsujE1ZDeOZE_9bZ--gRxlzNn7aX-n5ySlp7JVltNmGu_lHn_1pDhFDo82Q5D-LIRXuMhfxhUUDRLHL7AmJgC6_oXrcId6Y05qdXgyRrBWwRAEBtDitonfguKtI-JbkOlhhaw648LeFO_AQkB-H9EUTLbhaym66mVOnS6BEjI-fuK3ZNVRw/s384/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-15%2007-32-06.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="384" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzemgfGwpbsujE1ZDeOZE_9bZ--gRxlzNn7aX-n5ySlp7JVltNmGu_lHn_1pDhFDo82Q5D-LIRXuMhfxhUUDRLHL7AmJgC6_oXrcId6Y05qdXgyRrBWwRAEBtDitonfguKtI-JbkOlhhaw648LeFO_AQkB-H9EUTLbhaym66mVOnS6BEjI-fuK3ZNVRw/w640-h338/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-15%2007-32-06.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>This was a marvel being able to travel and listen to the radio. It was also a battery killer. You did not forget and leave it on with out the motor running to many times (don't ask how I know this)</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx52uafyRuSXUSmKzp4aqiGU7ix3nzXv_QTiHrwDWY-ZlbWtoGW6DRYJbS7wywPcaAv43bFToZgTIrcblBBLh3NoFXrv-dnnpjoAxmxcRPzWPYJWLRIuWx8fv_nVx5XOcJYUSshI79XOYx2Vmxl1VQWWSWH7iARoxK6t1OBR92HBuEjdofyM3FpjYyXQ/s383/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-15%2007-33-21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="383" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx52uafyRuSXUSmKzp4aqiGU7ix3nzXv_QTiHrwDWY-ZlbWtoGW6DRYJbS7wywPcaAv43bFToZgTIrcblBBLh3NoFXrv-dnnpjoAxmxcRPzWPYJWLRIuWx8fv_nVx5XOcJYUSshI79XOYx2Vmxl1VQWWSWH7iARoxK6t1OBR92HBuEjdofyM3FpjYyXQ/w640-h480/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-15%2007-33-21.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>So everything is "NEW" and nothing is. The difference today is the transistor being used instead of the vibrator. This 'boost' supply takes 3 volts input and produces 9 volts output.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ov67KnlD-6vR_av4oPnIm_03okqNUava7ZY8iCn9QVDrr9njJM4m8p5p0A1S1NyCsDt0ziP9stfCnkMy6fmxz7GQjW4xhuOKiZWRYsd9IsmE8g-ORgSGJM7k2tRoHVtEWOHs08MfcNPrfqpJzLO3hElh8FO1ptw5gV924R-dvnhuwDwlQNC5q8ySCA/s1230/energy-stored-in-magnetic-field-630679186.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="1230" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ov67KnlD-6vR_av4oPnIm_03okqNUava7ZY8iCn9QVDrr9njJM4m8p5p0A1S1NyCsDt0ziP9stfCnkMy6fmxz7GQjW4xhuOKiZWRYsd9IsmE8g-ORgSGJM7k2tRoHVtEWOHs08MfcNPrfqpJzLO3hElh8FO1ptw5gV924R-dvnhuwDwlQNC5q8ySCA/w640-h390/energy-stored-in-magnetic-field-630679186.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>The one thing they all have in common is the inertia of a magnetic field in a coil of wire. When you apply power the coil opposes the expansion of the field and absorbs energy. When the power is removed the coil opposes a decreases in current and uses the stored energy to maintain current as long as possible. If you apply 0.5 volts through a low resistance copper wire and let the field build to its max current and then remove the source the coil will attempt to maintain the current through any path it can find. So if your source can produce 1ma through the "short" circuit represented by the transistor (switch) and the coil it will maintain that 1ma through the LED as it discharges. There is no free energy but the high voltage pulse is a short duration. The eye blends the pulses of light and it is good.</p><p>The ladies did a great job and hopefully learned things from this project that can be applied to future projects.</p><p>My latest project was a circuit to power a 12 volt LED from a USB supply. I have a solar charger for the USB supply and a boost supply much like the one above. It works but now I hang my head in shame that I bought the supply when I could have followed the ladies example.</p><p>Maybe another project in the making?<br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-52873454961169114092023-02-14T21:36:00.004-06:002023-02-18T06:44:29.213-06:00The DITS get younger as time passes. The Joule thief lamp as built by the new pair.<p>I heard from DIT and she has a pair of twins she assisted in this build. Check it out. Two more DITs.<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWF8Cd7a2ihu9uMoUzjLKmRVN2h5ZFiTYdE1nLEVwNAG4D7VgWi5tZkaWZCnKpdZ-XkkPr94aNkBOKnKGjue5nk_P4lbMBqkR-m-bYlKQjRYaluFqtrY55iAJbEg2Zwe-RVhUiXYiXyouuMqYVepuwPyA40IEBNTKO2c681yQD-mEO7kch6JMo74XrFw/s495/joule-thief.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="495" height="518" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWF8Cd7a2ihu9uMoUzjLKmRVN2h5ZFiTYdE1nLEVwNAG4D7VgWi5tZkaWZCnKpdZ-XkkPr94aNkBOKnKGjue5nk_P4lbMBqkR-m-bYlKQjRYaluFqtrY55iAJbEg2Zwe-RVhUiXYiXyouuMqYVepuwPyA40IEBNTKO2c681yQD-mEO7kch6JMo74XrFw/w640-h518/joule-thief.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p>Working with as little as 0.3 volts it will truly zap the last joule from a battery.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCmbNrYTq_Y-sy8uAWzh4XLpikTP02qTionyMueYro7B33n-kj9imVc8VAw9X0psiTS-zqALizMIpTdCuJ_4HV77tPzi83Qz5Brf9qv4zVxtnwpbpOWjdks6CrXZ9_kZlMgxbn1SVOIcyhngolZ33XHbeiwwVB9-V62pibVWazHGihxysBJ-YbQPqLWw/s240/joule-thief-lamp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="228" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCmbNrYTq_Y-sy8uAWzh4XLpikTP02qTionyMueYro7B33n-kj9imVc8VAw9X0psiTS-zqALizMIpTdCuJ_4HV77tPzi83Qz5Brf9qv4zVxtnwpbpOWjdks6CrXZ9_kZlMgxbn1SVOIcyhngolZ33XHbeiwwVB9-V62pibVWazHGihxysBJ-YbQPqLWw/w608-h640/joule-thief-lamp.jpg" width="608" /></a></div><p>The finished project operating from a single C cell should function for a very long time.</p><p>I am so glad to see more designers in training!</p><p>Well done ladies.</p><p>Edit: The coils are wound bifilar.<br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-17450132821455393672023-02-11T20:05:00.000-06:002023-02-11T20:05:44.385-06:00to regen or not to regen? <p> Mr Tom on TNRB posted an interesting question.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYxyBZJJjwDwyoQrJcSJg2AyxCwlJH-cpkgGecvBOfoQ706Jd-IoH2DLR_3zSiqohrBBeF82AG39YI2CZd5egrJ9xr6JLMoVsje0hJ6TYQxLOFHjOClgkwSO8HYQJ-dQIY1_dwNAptHXMR-X9wvxJY239smANPFywW-cVw7SR2Isl7B9WtR8mZ2iGeKw/s531/0.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="531" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYxyBZJJjwDwyoQrJcSJg2AyxCwlJH-cpkgGecvBOfoQ706Jd-IoH2DLR_3zSiqohrBBeF82AG39YI2CZd5egrJ9xr6JLMoVsje0hJ6TYQxLOFHjOClgkwSO8HYQJ-dQIY1_dwNAptHXMR-X9wvxJY239smANPFywW-cVw7SR2Isl7B9WtR8mZ2iGeKw/w640-h436/0.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p>Why will this set not perform? If Mr Andersen says it is a good performer we will assume it is. Tom says it picks up local station weakly. What makes this circuit challenging is the ferrite core. L2 60 turns tapped at 10 from the bottom. With an air core coil the first thing would be "phase the reaction". If the two coils were wound separate we could just reverse phase by reversing the wires. With a center tapped coil it is a little more difficult. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsxWJPtyfyHhK4iNLQVH09Eo01v3M0JDM7l1HXkxkTSYPcxXvFOZOF7SAwzORlo1zRCqNUfJ2aZFHyFO61S8_EzbCHKBEE81gDsZG0QE6zvLxXIzq7MjhKxAgGdTemg6XS1t6vBXnSHaa3V0xmyWsIGxAmAyunOuLFHrCqW-KnhUozhPmdULiY4Z9AEQ/s536/0.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="536" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsxWJPtyfyHhK4iNLQVH09Eo01v3M0JDM7l1HXkxkTSYPcxXvFOZOF7SAwzORlo1zRCqNUfJ2aZFHyFO61S8_EzbCHKBEE81gDsZG0QE6zvLxXIzq7MjhKxAgGdTemg6XS1t6vBXnSHaa3V0xmyWsIGxAmAyunOuLFHrCqW-KnhUozhPmdULiY4Z9AEQ/w640-h436/0.gif" width="640" /></a></div><p>This was the fix. Observe the base bias flow out the base and up to the diode. The .01uf cap places the center tap at AC ground. If the signal flows up the lower coil and down through the .01uf cap the upper coil can conduct in either direction without conflict. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcY95k5wzy4cCRiukVNGJ2Hct1G-tkplZ3Y26bxgXCYXd3hbOCB4iJwaaxFRj0yDaZGlPyQsy4hDq9v2kS_WLJ9V-gy-RSO2htaLAKXawJJFwct1x8E4vrGpTHEssiuJZiP9iewCIGnDgbCBFAOYnCb3MPGJj8StUHHw0qvkgP0euWqTcfFHEGrl1VSw/s531/0.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="531" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcY95k5wzy4cCRiukVNGJ2Hct1G-tkplZ3Y26bxgXCYXd3hbOCB4iJwaaxFRj0yDaZGlPyQsy4hDq9v2kS_WLJ9V-gy-RSO2htaLAKXawJJFwct1x8E4vrGpTHEssiuJZiP9iewCIGnDgbCBFAOYnCb3MPGJj8StUHHw0qvkgP0euWqTcfFHEGrl1VSw/w640-h436/0.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p>If the base current flows into the center tap and out the bottom through the diode the center tap is negative. The upper coil will be in conflict with the lower and provide degeneration or in phase and will provide regeneration in the other phase.</p><p>The hard question with building the circuit is how are the coils phased. L1 is the transformer primary and the 2 secondaries will have a center tapped phase aiding or opposing.<br /></p><p>One other thing with the ferrite core would be to make the coils separate and movable. Sliding the coil along the core will vary its inductance and allow some adjustment of the tuning and the reaction.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZQ8uY5UqA6QxydpBGQcZfsN-SN8GNj1JPQrt8UIeSENEOrIrTCQMQC6g8fCewt7O-9wYQedjH60TJfP7sPtpJZpekAsKGJltvkfuupq284AklAu5uRXqw8oVBVq6nvG7BiUgisM7qRzEeiMditsgT8R7vOgsoxYZlDWSGEuwbqURG1ZgTXhgEJSrUig/s531/0.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="531" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZQ8uY5UqA6QxydpBGQcZfsN-SN8GNj1JPQrt8UIeSENEOrIrTCQMQC6g8fCewt7O-9wYQedjH60TJfP7sPtpJZpekAsKGJltvkfuupq284AklAu5uRXqw8oVBVq6nvG7BiUgisM7qRzEeiMditsgT8R7vOgsoxYZlDWSGEuwbqURG1ZgTXhgEJSrUig/w640-h436/0.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br />One other possible fix would be to reverse the diode and place it between the base and center tap. This would reverse the phase of the lower coil.<p></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-4133507072112670442023-02-04T08:17:00.000-06:002023-02-04T08:17:09.319-06:00Observe the filtering requirements in the deteector circuit.<p> One point I failed to stress in the last 4 post is the need for filtering. It seems to be a common practice to question the need for a choke or capacitor in a detector circuit. </p><p>When the crew examines a circuit they seem to lean towards seeking a minimum part count. Sometimes one part will be the life of a circuit and others not so much but still effect the performance. </p><p>If you remove the diode the circuit dies, no question. Removing a capacitor may not have as much effect. If you can tune in a station and then move the headset leads to "fine tune" it you probably should not have left out that filter capacitor. The filter will send AF to the headphones and all is well. The inductance in the headset will "smooth" some RF component in the signal but not as efficiently.</p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWJHiWLysN0gH8649gWbl8nsXmq5vhmGfrSFd4_x9zYfUPEE8NKeXEETZ-lEvHPVUQu74RLDmC1X0nURl9mLQBC8xqyntWP4byxDZKIUnqCBRaaybwxz5adHyNGxtQM2jSr_btRAC3cvQhf4UgrQY-zNVn1CE7ORpq9LqK63i_pN7plmfZI5K4OtIlaQ/s716/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-04%2008-13-36.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="716" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWJHiWLysN0gH8649gWbl8nsXmq5vhmGfrSFd4_x9zYfUPEE8NKeXEETZ-lEvHPVUQu74RLDmC1X0nURl9mLQBC8xqyntWP4byxDZKIUnqCBRaaybwxz5adHyNGxtQM2jSr_btRAC3cvQhf4UgrQY-zNVn1CE7ORpq9LqK63i_pN7plmfZI5K4OtIlaQ/w640-h438/Screenshot%20from%202023-02-04%2008-13-36.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Yes the capacitors are there for a purpose. <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-74458379382409959192023-02-03T09:12:00.004-06:002023-02-03T09:24:34.435-06:00The choice is linear or square law - Large signal or Small signal<p> You need to know enough to decide between a linear or square law signal detection. The diode response curve is divided into 2 sections. The "knee" separates the 2 parts. Simply stated the knee is the point on the curve with a slope of 45 degrees. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhU9ZJ6SroWkc5_KTs53Ix--Z-XJf-SGNBfaC_aZVAxQPmLDK6Lm3CgCM88OUkUd0PIkekSZ6tLQsfmussrLwcmpjTzij0kvffwiVA0Qmc8nXq72BPiQSq0mIOeUk9J_BTkuCLpWAa4VgHygdVHVPRvbkG2vKdFSNFYBUtVtOwjMlLDz2LFKrkBjqkQg/s1644/Document-21_2-3793961728.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1381" data-original-width="1644" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhU9ZJ6SroWkc5_KTs53Ix--Z-XJf-SGNBfaC_aZVAxQPmLDK6Lm3CgCM88OUkUd0PIkekSZ6tLQsfmussrLwcmpjTzij0kvffwiVA0Qmc8nXq72BPiQSq0mIOeUk9J_BTkuCLpWAa4VgHygdVHVPRvbkG2vKdFSNFYBUtVtOwjMlLDz2LFKrkBjqkQg/w640-h538/Document-21_2-3793961728.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Below the knee the signal response is "square law". Above the knee the signal is linear. There is no way to have linear without passing through the square law region. This is another case where we "swamp" the small signal and ignore it. The signal response is based on the signal level we cannot just decide to use linear detection in a crystal set because the signal is to low.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg13WJPhldP7xDHldxqQt3axlgCypM60jaRxvazh84fbBH3tGyH_NkkPlQbfb0hBHp3kTO8tbqpIsE3OMVyRkvhYYXccz_x3gZ0p2eJ0XSOtqTzyDuG62wynZVVnFjPKq91P8-lnNBbrb2Q6i4sgz432HSuJV0zPwp77_q-SkyAAWjQ3JE_wqMrqK2tAg/s598/34d6541b428e1c907e57417319f8192f.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="598" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg13WJPhldP7xDHldxqQt3axlgCypM60jaRxvazh84fbBH3tGyH_NkkPlQbfb0hBHp3kTO8tbqpIsE3OMVyRkvhYYXccz_x3gZ0p2eJ0XSOtqTzyDuG62wynZVVnFjPKq91P8-lnNBbrb2Q6i4sgz432HSuJV0zPwp77_q-SkyAAWjQ3JE_wqMrqK2tAg/w640-h430/34d6541b428e1c907e57417319f8192f.gif" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>While this circuit would be a reasonable representation for a high level detector it just is not what happens in a crystal set. Linear detection can be represented as rectification but a crystal set does not have the voltage required to turn the diode on.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV9dNG6Gho2IfzPidhmPUNqWL7p_xOumM8GOR3fg6aQyX_GH6g4bwW8hGFE7HQ7uqEWgQTh8Jkhn6uWahM1CvY0JZY3fstDpDCQFfvem3rqONLild3ZOIJitSvGFKHVHYvQq1OXnxiQ9n7fsR96zZaEzaCy2okQX2gbGA3uDC8NpLBRufK9r3_bcPoWQ/s800/NV_0515_Koebel_Figure14.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="800" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV9dNG6Gho2IfzPidhmPUNqWL7p_xOumM8GOR3fg6aQyX_GH6g4bwW8hGFE7HQ7uqEWgQTh8Jkhn6uWahM1CvY0JZY3fstDpDCQFfvem3rqONLild3ZOIJitSvGFKHVHYvQq1OXnxiQ9n7fsR96zZaEzaCy2okQX2gbGA3uDC8NpLBRufK9r3_bcPoWQ/w640-h250/NV_0515_Koebel_Figure14.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>This is the rest of that circuit. The amplifiers produce the signal required to turn the diode on.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihBMgZ8aRPRcvNHtXAN0QFWRKt5u1tlwab8BshwngZ2t0VlFmDilg0KKvTaaIgLD22PdwhQEZKQoykUzFZPgHB5GX9mIkEMwbhVXjgezN2FzXlJ9qtAQTL9sPlB1yFR0VjAXbsyaOr-wKs2i-DABy6BeXSTWQaEXnKi2LWDmEp-FRc5ovEbtWuUkz4sQ/s228/1697_256_153.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="228" height="575" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihBMgZ8aRPRcvNHtXAN0QFWRKt5u1tlwab8BshwngZ2t0VlFmDilg0KKvTaaIgLD22PdwhQEZKQoykUzFZPgHB5GX9mIkEMwbhVXjgezN2FzXlJ9qtAQTL9sPlB1yFR0VjAXbsyaOr-wKs2i-DABy6BeXSTWQaEXnKi2LWDmEp-FRc5ovEbtWuUkz4sQ/w640-h575/1697_256_153.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Plate detection uses the non-linear section of the curve to produce higher gain on the peaks and "shifts the zero reference point from the curves mid point to develop the signal.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyf0AAeUVRGRq6qwiF4fbxJuaK6ldDKsljYUXLITCROPr5pYuHvECn7NLDmomvfgi1mZVmutpmM2w1IyXQq7nJ5CNL9UWyh0nwuInO2x2UXkfqf11RAzqYMsE1Y04JSBe7xHQaVLskQ4gBB-91-ipNQWhG56xsxwuekya4P8lh771eblwAH0SK0828Mg/s1644/Document-21_2-3793961728.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1381" data-original-width="1644" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyf0AAeUVRGRq6qwiF4fbxJuaK6ldDKsljYUXLITCROPr5pYuHvECn7NLDmomvfgi1mZVmutpmM2w1IyXQq7nJ5CNL9UWyh0nwuInO2x2UXkfqf11RAzqYMsE1Y04JSBe7xHQaVLskQ4gBB-91-ipNQWhG56xsxwuekya4P8lh771eblwAH0SK0828Mg/w640-h538/Document-21_2-3793961728.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><p>Now superimpose the signal over the knee and the positive half will be much higher than the negative. The signal is not rectified it is "distorted" because the positive signal accesses a higher part of the curve. This would be more like plate detection than rectification.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-33382134368934062482023-02-02T20:49:00.004-06:002023-02-02T20:49:54.102-06:00Modulating Vs Demodulating Vs Mixing part 3<p>I adjusted the signals and cleaned up this circuit quite a bit. </p><p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixEeIwcCuTkn6p9fI8BoDmU5rtIAlm3yPybPzBmQ6mP8m15s8c3qYgZqHCrginYjquGqYhE5fRPgDxFAcZdIQ1X_OnYvsKZKz3TtoV8KM__Zsa663fWCRH4eGki3CdwiIuPOfWoTzuX9WcfJuG4HD6qNytsobe_rNP6gc1V0-wzEhrz0DPK2F7Y4VHMA/s1522/0017.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1522" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixEeIwcCuTkn6p9fI8BoDmU5rtIAlm3yPybPzBmQ6mP8m15s8c3qYgZqHCrginYjquGqYhE5fRPgDxFAcZdIQ1X_OnYvsKZKz3TtoV8KM__Zsa663fWCRH4eGki3CdwiIuPOfWoTzuX9WcfJuG4HD6qNytsobe_rNP6gc1V0-wzEhrz0DPK2F7Y4VHMA/w640-h302/0017.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>So do we want a switch or a non-linear device? The answer is yes. The next question is which? The answer is do you want a large signal detector or a small signal detector? While it is good to be able to choose we have to be aware of the conditions and available resources. If you are building a multistage receiver with amplifiers or a crystal set or something in between will determine the requirement. The circuit above has lower signals that the previous post.</p><p>Anywho. I will post data for a high signal and low signal detector for you to examine.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_b6ycxaJd3Pptzgq1V2kz0dqB_Qo48dZHvtWpYFRvvsbIErRWRA1ZY8bHTSxYya5vMs10JLQCcpFZ6Q_fNm8oqk9C3QcwoMn0m1bvM25Pb_OTML5-1fhw-nOck65Q2o7s2-EGgA1nGXKEaREc6fdA1YWoB4aF7356gn-O9r_7wknp6iS5QsiWjhhNg/s761/0018.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="761" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_b6ycxaJd3Pptzgq1V2kz0dqB_Qo48dZHvtWpYFRvvsbIErRWRA1ZY8bHTSxYya5vMs10JLQCcpFZ6Q_fNm8oqk9C3QcwoMn0m1bvM25Pb_OTML5-1fhw-nOck65Q2o7s2-EGgA1nGXKEaREc6fdA1YWoB4aF7356gn-O9r_7wknp6iS5QsiWjhhNg/w640-h396/0018.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWcHJ29uEQfHdbaXwqhaa8Sh6fWzyIwWe1M29hnRirQh7NXbCBUKIwIWNaL2qtPBPGA1ipcbn7hdZfE3bmhfDwPMoOCJJO5AtyeZKurf1iNqOVCbX6NaN7-pbGUGUd5jaiCWnWLL9jPn5403JMFdKlRJb2eoE-k4ZxWVEes69pxbnUKXeL4T_tDImRKw/s758/0019.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="758" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWcHJ29uEQfHdbaXwqhaa8Sh6fWzyIwWe1M29hnRirQh7NXbCBUKIwIWNaL2qtPBPGA1ipcbn7hdZfE3bmhfDwPMoOCJJO5AtyeZKurf1iNqOVCbX6NaN7-pbGUGUd5jaiCWnWLL9jPn5403JMFdKlRJb2eoE-k4ZxWVEes69pxbnUKXeL4T_tDImRKw/w640-h398/0019.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVmXYskCwDzDPIK35QEaCeSwsyqsfVRlZgt5rur8lfdBhdTXfvJUr-duko5KFC9ac9zShmfZ9eaiBwdCW8jwYPQKNR-m1zMQXvndvr8OtmFGnQbXUVHOqrtu5FuxueTVk5RN4ZHLYIY21-ZoOkfq8ew_ymHyWyLRFYOzRPWg4OJeD7mFp6Vfm_6JOOQ/s759/0021.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="759" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVmXYskCwDzDPIK35QEaCeSwsyqsfVRlZgt5rur8lfdBhdTXfvJUr-duko5KFC9ac9zShmfZ9eaiBwdCW8jwYPQKNR-m1zMQXvndvr8OtmFGnQbXUVHOqrtu5FuxueTVk5RN4ZHLYIY21-ZoOkfq8ew_ymHyWyLRFYOzRPWg4OJeD7mFp6Vfm_6JOOQ/w640-h396/0021.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHzALW-Ej6nHlqhhLFQw3FWOg0uROB9_KiDN_THh4596bjI2w1vfWQ-h68uMYrvqfPCzitW9rTxcLi7MH77vXGnTxZGteWAmmBQ9fZPp-i1fBda4z0dEASseVqjoEexbrTSyKHWSnHmOah-iyi-fMsPcxrU7sjPJb4f2LZgiX3mCRa75FIVKQl7FKTyQ/s761/0022.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="761" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHzALW-Ej6nHlqhhLFQw3FWOg0uROB9_KiDN_THh4596bjI2w1vfWQ-h68uMYrvqfPCzitW9rTxcLi7MH77vXGnTxZGteWAmmBQ9fZPp-i1fBda4z0dEASseVqjoEexbrTSyKHWSnHmOah-iyi-fMsPcxrU7sjPJb4f2LZgiX3mCRa75FIVKQl7FKTyQ/w640-h402/0022.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3HoyK_jQmLCxdhuIyhvo-d0_kWIGHGJs4Ab9L5XQgzs7mx_gr11mBD__VAroIoE3LLpMwUAOI-JqZ3bOdPKkvsfQ7v3yVB2pE2i_Dt_x8D2D6YSXHsxhAVe-c7ppHVvPhwCahIH0G3PErUvoP9Yw_LT_63tdLuH0wg8Asi2fTxEZ3S3bssavXQLNTAg/s766/0023.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="766" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3HoyK_jQmLCxdhuIyhvo-d0_kWIGHGJs4Ab9L5XQgzs7mx_gr11mBD__VAroIoE3LLpMwUAOI-JqZ3bOdPKkvsfQ7v3yVB2pE2i_Dt_x8D2D6YSXHsxhAVe-c7ppHVvPhwCahIH0G3PErUvoP9Yw_LT_63tdLuH0wg8Asi2fTxEZ3S3bssavXQLNTAg/w640-h402/0023.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ikQKPRENqgxQSYXQATkDF9E6KVsqhoe7R6gDUV6UINDWVOOOQIYxC0RpXiy6jSo1OWxvc6dDemnR1Eh4AH3545Mpis6D8neodux83BVR_9lptNDmf8_Ces2T5Ha-BmsAhXEf7QyDFFCah80KurQ6_W8FHT0BopSiU09njz0kFEraeBNquBUf4FHhfA/s761/0020.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="761" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ikQKPRENqgxQSYXQATkDF9E6KVsqhoe7R6gDUV6UINDWVOOOQIYxC0RpXiy6jSo1OWxvc6dDemnR1Eh4AH3545Mpis6D8neodux83BVR_9lptNDmf8_Ces2T5Ha-BmsAhXEf7QyDFFCah80KurQ6_W8FHT0BopSiU09njz0kFEraeBNquBUf4FHhfA/w640-h400/0020.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-47369744309311231612023-02-02T20:32:00.002-06:002023-02-02T20:32:23.733-06:00Modulating Vs Demodulating Vs Mixing part 2<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSDMe6C6yCWruNfhuKU4a5vTaL_cbRAnpemGMVkMUAgpeQ2RSR68MR20Sl0NPeCqq2doFGFun48EcgvCbdEHQV_juD4o1ZQ6kEI774cDvnfQcCgRdnhBAr_xEKcHAXvSrocW3zJ_FTIdA1YeHocDc5qEloLZRrbaOBE0XwfzPo--l30ax2nbXjqU86Ow/s1514/0007.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="1514" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSDMe6C6yCWruNfhuKU4a5vTaL_cbRAnpemGMVkMUAgpeQ2RSR68MR20Sl0NPeCqq2doFGFun48EcgvCbdEHQV_juD4o1ZQ6kEI774cDvnfQcCgRdnhBAr_xEKcHAXvSrocW3zJ_FTIdA1YeHocDc5qEloLZRrbaOBE0XwfzPo--l30ax2nbXjqU86Ow/w640-h302/0007.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Let's see the difference between mixing and modulating. The green wave is AM modulated and the blue is simply mixed. What is the 'real' difference? The blue is an audio reference with a RF riding on it. Just 2 signals. The green is an audio, RF, sum and difference signal. Four signals. So the question is how to turn 2 into 4 and then turn 4 back into 2?</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOPlmZ9cboKGHT_ab0yt3Tkbl4NzZBfy6OeYK4W66ZRK33sR7aFnZcC707j5jZajdzpSPm2vd4djlOIIqwcIctCBwdurmzy2wochBzcGBb006Z3A2gYPtassyWg_1zKQnU_1xUgj_gMnoj2Ugt9Aq48iAtGCEnRWeeM428IaBWjTl8_uq2YC4PlxhltQ/s1520/0008.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="1520" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOPlmZ9cboKGHT_ab0yt3Tkbl4NzZBfy6OeYK4W66ZRK33sR7aFnZcC707j5jZajdzpSPm2vd4djlOIIqwcIctCBwdurmzy2wochBzcGBb006Z3A2gYPtassyWg_1zKQnU_1xUgj_gMnoj2Ugt9Aq48iAtGCEnRWeeM428IaBWjTl8_uq2YC4PlxhltQ/w640-h302/0008.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>The AM varies as the sum and difference of the 4 signals as you can see. In the mix it varies as the sum and difference of the 2 as you can see the RF ride the AF. Only 2 frequencies in the mix.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-LHP5kEQ4ZbS2Bg8fO-6jQBOb2qGUd1kzup3O8PzGzNqZ8xXoBLg3S1Xe5A26mwYfiqtzA8-t508IDZU9O8LcKriF0vYoTMh_TYzLphA7j4zud7NArxkt67PtAHSi61VqLSbO-iyYtdx2mnxetnx1pMvrh2SL8IwhMHJYJCy7dRvgku9hLTuEVjmBEQ/s1520/0009.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1520" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-LHP5kEQ4ZbS2Bg8fO-6jQBOb2qGUd1kzup3O8PzGzNqZ8xXoBLg3S1Xe5A26mwYfiqtzA8-t508IDZU9O8LcKriF0vYoTMh_TYzLphA7j4zud7NArxkt67PtAHSi61VqLSbO-iyYtdx2mnxetnx1pMvrh2SL8IwhMHJYJCy7dRvgku9hLTuEVjmBEQ/w640-h302/0009.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>The full view. What makes the difference?</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTM7Q0s98sxK0seKcbGjUhfei04Dn8wRZ2cK_iFBhn_jC8wJkx8hvWPZgqqjK2ng6bWtTI8tdMRoQ-X9p3uXCCAM4I0-1Vooa7H45WD3rwSS9RGhHHKcfZmk7H9Km6fGkfe25coKLoyRM_v1gsD-xH8Zs0VS1UTzdkT-NpXl9gnQVdwIVt3nNDt5vJVA/s1517/0010.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="1517" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTM7Q0s98sxK0seKcbGjUhfei04Dn8wRZ2cK_iFBhn_jC8wJkx8hvWPZgqqjK2ng6bWtTI8tdMRoQ-X9p3uXCCAM4I0-1Vooa7H45WD3rwSS9RGhHHKcfZmk7H9Km6fGkfe25coKLoyRM_v1gsD-xH8Zs0VS1UTzdkT-NpXl9gnQVdwIVt3nNDt5vJVA/w640-h300/0010.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Now for the non-linear or distorted part. The most non-linear device in my parts kit would probably be a diode so insert one an look at that. It takes a few cycles to charge the circuit and then it resembles the AM signal. If that is true we should have the sum and difference. Let's take the capacitor out and see what happens.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_cgwMw2xY4KV8JmxovNpxFJqwtdh-AZgIfTuU5gNibUl7kr-ihYaIYiORZUS8-3eEQT-yzxU6k03_AeQphQKORqvSdXQpoTrc_OojpFnWNLgQttf5LN2ae0ZFms5aKqU8D_eZsYExL-y4CqUuFKaSV5RiBmIqbmTzkp83-0JonvhVxrBu4eRDeROeCg/s1521/0011.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="1521" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_cgwMw2xY4KV8JmxovNpxFJqwtdh-AZgIfTuU5gNibUl7kr-ihYaIYiORZUS8-3eEQT-yzxU6k03_AeQphQKORqvSdXQpoTrc_OojpFnWNLgQttf5LN2ae0ZFms5aKqU8D_eZsYExL-y4CqUuFKaSV5RiBmIqbmTzkp83-0JonvhVxrBu4eRDeROeCg/w640-h300/0011.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>The capacitor effect the circuit resonance. Adjusting the capacitor will improve the signal response. It bypasses RF to ground. It charges when the diode conducts and discharges when the diode is off. This action restores the missing half wave.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzC-0ZhU7WBLL63lL2RaCo1tPDWRcyCybcr7yjLWxeOvesoOoLRixBfnQb_WrDHrQCMJmpiSvr8sGDgLffkNJ_oUcEj5hOy71MjfuLBd36kzs5VInGO6zBR5rXxbmfoe_ftnJOXChN7w7M63OeWj5UcejFfSdhnUubXBtob3lxp7U13pEld10pE4sXjg/s1522/0012.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1522" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzC-0ZhU7WBLL63lL2RaCo1tPDWRcyCybcr7yjLWxeOvesoOoLRixBfnQb_WrDHrQCMJmpiSvr8sGDgLffkNJ_oUcEj5hOy71MjfuLBd36kzs5VInGO6zBR5rXxbmfoe_ftnJOXChN7w7M63OeWj5UcejFfSdhnUubXBtob3lxp7U13pEld10pE4sXjg/w640-h302/0012.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>The cap sends RF to ground. With the coil disconnected the AF passes to the output.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPxEAUAj90IT_fwgHIQCn1APjmBJGBX6EgqnPB2dCroLM8ozAyCNrcX_toZUiBCk-ZwFZTBvEMWuGSg8b9AlnSqJX0AQlDlLU9XkdV0q50LXknjt9rCyEjvBcZoTSRpg0ZGqFwTXkguvKgcQn3b7vYokdqO6aZbm67S9ZJzDpamJWtw_AieB5tSllYlA/s1520/0014.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1520" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPxEAUAj90IT_fwgHIQCn1APjmBJGBX6EgqnPB2dCroLM8ozAyCNrcX_toZUiBCk-ZwFZTBvEMWuGSg8b9AlnSqJX0AQlDlLU9XkdV0q50LXknjt9rCyEjvBcZoTSRpg0ZGqFwTXkguvKgcQn3b7vYokdqO6aZbm67S9ZJzDpamJWtw_AieB5tSllYlA/w640-h300/0014.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Adding a diode and looking at the current we can see the pulse trains that could drive the output.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiviJqncTWRMAXusBq6h-WW4V395tLP2lU-1Q7uyDwt40uuyO9gNQSzzlLiOGPC65ELQPuSmW4i14naInM6M7emkGcukifXu44bzVNy-c0MmzZHnjjyrNi7suhkKkp09eyAo71N5Q15HgF_NFGWDSSO3treMUrOAad2wQdBpogyD_ywyJO2KzUHtSusyA/s1519/0015.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="1519" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiviJqncTWRMAXusBq6h-WW4V395tLP2lU-1Q7uyDwt40uuyO9gNQSzzlLiOGPC65ELQPuSmW4i14naInM6M7emkGcukifXu44bzVNy-c0MmzZHnjjyrNi7suhkKkp09eyAo71N5Q15HgF_NFGWDSSO3treMUrOAad2wQdBpogyD_ywyJO2KzUHtSusyA/w640-h300/0015.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Adjusting the parts we can separate the AF or RF.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_smQqsVn91nv7sO1icrUmnz13eI9H4KG2uC1Eo8pRVyArtMUJbel6y-nDV0_T2TRTMTD3mZZf03Dgt5oLGVPy5oTW9JKf-Esx_gjwVCeFfG1nD3hU717ZeXKza3Cwc-WuTgR98bG1Q8W3Xuyo-03l2FIp2ea0kzHjdShF0_L_sNDjFQEQDGG-Vtee8A/s1522/0016.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="727" data-original-width="1522" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_smQqsVn91nv7sO1icrUmnz13eI9H4KG2uC1Eo8pRVyArtMUJbel6y-nDV0_T2TRTMTD3mZZf03Dgt5oLGVPy5oTW9JKf-Esx_gjwVCeFfG1nD3hU717ZeXKza3Cwc-WuTgR98bG1Q8W3Xuyo-03l2FIp2ea0kzHjdShF0_L_sNDjFQEQDGG-Vtee8A/w640-h306/0016.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Changing the components produces the modulated RF signal. So the none linear device and filters will define the circuit.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-43537685864609482402023-02-02T19:50:00.001-06:002023-02-02T19:50:31.435-06:00Modulating Vs Demodulating Vs Mixing part 1<p> The question comes up how does a detector work? The short answer is it requires a nonlinear device or as some say a distortion. So where to begin? First we need a signal to observe the effect on a component.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxb9hFBstVeWwi98EoXebaIdvWNxvvza6OhyBRbCl4bv9hukT37UwPu4ZtgJyhZv4ValYV-zg-WDLmUXCeX47SDcHchw-wY36wOZv4rzwuQ13RATqLZtOE1X5nNx-sLo6TxJ67JiMbQLUlDDObvyZCxIRsgG9DfSN1gmkQYNtMgKchNn7mzm5mWWqHVQ/s645/0001.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="332" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxb9hFBstVeWwi98EoXebaIdvWNxvvza6OhyBRbCl4bv9hukT37UwPu4ZtgJyhZv4ValYV-zg-WDLmUXCeX47SDcHchw-wY36wOZv4rzwuQ13RATqLZtOE1X5nNx-sLo6TxJ67JiMbQLUlDDObvyZCxIRsgG9DfSN1gmkQYNtMgKchNn7mzm5mWWqHVQ/w330-h640/0001.png" width="330" /></a></div><p>I send a pulse across a resistor and I have that pulse impressed across the resistor. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifwGnBTGUZi02wSiKmUwqRvCYovSNOkLTVEbV5u1WoRQvqT0E6hTb6fiEKKsa4wTypF95vBjXYBNxYUiyj1xij1aB6eiKAf25QPgVB195dzu5u77_z3wMbnLA7gmZkbAW6TvJYDSxZSfYO-W0mAFWHCI731utFWAYQkMDf40LQBLXZ-CCdciwTYT3NUg/s1521/0002.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1521" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifwGnBTGUZi02wSiKmUwqRvCYovSNOkLTVEbV5u1WoRQvqT0E6hTb6fiEKKsa4wTypF95vBjXYBNxYUiyj1xij1aB6eiKAf25QPgVB195dzu5u77_z3wMbnLA7gmZkbAW6TvJYDSxZSfYO-W0mAFWHCI731utFWAYQkMDf40LQBLXZ-CCdciwTYT3NUg/w640-h302/0002.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>I send the pulse through a capacitor and across a coils and display the input. Clean square wave pulses. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3wJJkQNVDmoZvhH2Tgt0cjS9C5B_GhXNL3qR0N1DTiSJhPzSt1HDR5arJr-kLhxsy5VRb33pyDe9Dd3bCzydpc4pJNPHaGsXpTX6e9U5fyMCAwJL6Wfsp9UJls9mhkXWn1gLE2OS_yR9FOQDh4Mj_LKeyN2oWJOc-q3CdIkWjMdClJ1mx9AbSftfbA/s1522/0003.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1522" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw3wJJkQNVDmoZvhH2Tgt0cjS9C5B_GhXNL3qR0N1DTiSJhPzSt1HDR5arJr-kLhxsy5VRb33pyDe9Dd3bCzydpc4pJNPHaGsXpTX6e9U5fyMCAwJL6Wfsp9UJls9mhkXWn1gLE2OS_yR9FOQDh4Mj_LKeyN2oWJOc-q3CdIkWjMdClJ1mx9AbSftfbA/w640-h310/0003.png" width="640" /></a></div><p>Look at the output.</p><p>One way to check the 'Q' of a coil is to ring it and count the pulses and the wave decays.</p><p>You can check the coil self resonance using this method too.</p><p>The main object is to observe the coil will ring if pulsed.</p><p>end part 1.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-76274198324993664812022-05-25T14:12:00.001-05:002022-05-25T14:12:21.740-05:00Feeding the receiver. Combining the last few post. Artificial ground increases receiver output.<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDkhkcdndkZmJdJvrGfHw7KUAUFMzOU5ayp_Fjw50KgjR61ysZjoSJ8RJza1SFwcN8GK9yQLlRD0GGeiNC4RT8HDsl_oEywmLOD9kiY3Mum5cSwRVr0M6H58hAdbA9yTotDKRosFbUjgJ49POxkQFpxJFf_G85865YVY1_DGyspOhObHSpU8KKUBaArw/s468/541_ch_120010_826494.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="468" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDkhkcdndkZmJdJvrGfHw7KUAUFMzOU5ayp_Fjw50KgjR61ysZjoSJ8RJza1SFwcN8GK9yQLlRD0GGeiNC4RT8HDsl_oEywmLOD9kiY3Mum5cSwRVr0M6H58hAdbA9yTotDKRosFbUjgJ49POxkQFpxJFf_G85865YVY1_DGyspOhObHSpU8KKUBaArw/w640-h512/541_ch_120010_826494.png" width="640" /></a></div>Using my new (to me) Emerson as the example. The new set is a couple years older than me, about as old as dirt!<p></p><p>Anywho look at the antenna coil. It is a spiral connected to the input circuit in parallel with The tuning capacitor. The parallel circuit presents a high Z to the input.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ezEaO2fZEzhoWF3gYrNV0VlLOAJhcq6dUarKnF5CpudFEyk6QzNmUtnWSHgAvYxg3cMlrBePJGY3so8jvwf2HcZErAI6MnoFc5HoUpIX2ECMkAET1HVfQ-OO83EzBK9lvydBYAFQ_ETpZmcOpnLfKlBQ556mItQSfmIHgS4SRxmBzG3E5HDoggQmKA/s411/38-12back-281055392.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="411" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ezEaO2fZEzhoWF3gYrNV0VlLOAJhcq6dUarKnF5CpudFEyk6QzNmUtnWSHgAvYxg3cMlrBePJGY3so8jvwf2HcZErAI6MnoFc5HoUpIX2ECMkAET1HVfQ-OO83EzBK9lvydBYAFQ_ETpZmcOpnLfKlBQ556mItQSfmIHgS4SRxmBzG3E5HDoggQmKA/w640-h472/38-12back-281055392.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>The actual loop antenna looks something like this.</p><p>Look at the dotted line in the schematic. This is a single loop primary for the external antenna to connect to. When you attach an antenna and ground to the loop it will be a short circuit and have the highest possible current through it. Notice the 2 screws (center left). They are the antenna and ground connections. If you want to really soup up the receiver you could add a loading coil or artificial ground to the input loop.</p><p><br /></p><p>Suppose you have the input loop forming a series resonant circuit which is feeding the parallel resonant tank in the converters grid circuit. The series circuit presents a very low Z and allows max current flow. The parallel resonant tank presents a high Z with minimum loading on the antenna. Remember from the last post the highest power transfer is when Rin << Rload. A short feeding an open would be ideal.</p><p>My car radio will find 2 or 3 stations when I scan the AM band.</p><p>This old set finds stations from one end of the band to the other. </p><p> NOTE:</p><p>A little extra data while it is on the screen. Look at the filament circuit. See the pilot lamp in the filament circuit? It serves more purpose than lighting the display. The notes give 2 sets of reading. One with and one without the pilot lamp. The lamp burned out while I was working on the set and it happened as they said it would to cause the circuit reading to vary.</p><p>I point this out because we had this discussion an the radio board before and the experts denied the facts as presented here. The notes and real life test agree.</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-38302754912973178292022-05-13T12:48:00.003-05:002022-05-13T12:55:08.729-05:00Another look at power transfer.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqGyP-07dGYUvnpZDiFltGibd3MVkiMvfY42Kr1Ei3c7JYR2rnL5BlijnAuabP-zBNwhhtQaouJvdaX45YsSMB5vM6YbSNy1tBc8_0F-zSH2TKhC-5vya_9Xpu-J0V7owuEEO9DD_QV8XY-al2LZLV84b43u8CaxtfNb0iO6bx7hgInz2hJGtVB_eNPg/s937/when%20to%20Z%20match%20or%20not.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="937" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqGyP-07dGYUvnpZDiFltGibd3MVkiMvfY42Kr1Ei3c7JYR2rnL5BlijnAuabP-zBNwhhtQaouJvdaX45YsSMB5vM6YbSNy1tBc8_0F-zSH2TKhC-5vya_9Xpu-J0V7owuEEO9DD_QV8XY-al2LZLV84b43u8CaxtfNb0iO6bx7hgInz2hJGtVB_eNPg/w640-h328/when%20to%20Z%20match%20or%20not.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />Note high efficiency occurs when Rs<<Rl.<p></p><p>P = I^2 * R therefore low Rs = low lose and high Rl = higher power out.</p><p> Simple enough with resistive circuit.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jPPd5EwW4nIym3zr30k-z-aHpWwnFxsKss97Tq6tHaHhG96B7toltmfG8LS0BQ4nmZjGs0UCcqxPsGD0Fs7yBy8-b4UEHa9TsfWcI1EoqV8HUO1JXWCwc_2ePWGyaghHsqmF44RL0N96UId6BaTlqLZ4ooUGgGp_-4-HHcQCL1sEdvs6swfPdv7euw/s591/Screenshot%20from%202022-05-11%2009-24-04.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="448" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3jPPd5EwW4nIym3zr30k-z-aHpWwnFxsKss97Tq6tHaHhG96B7toltmfG8LS0BQ4nmZjGs0UCcqxPsGD0Fs7yBy8-b4UEHa9TsfWcI1EoqV8HUO1JXWCwc_2ePWGyaghHsqmF44RL0N96UId6BaTlqLZ4ooUGgGp_-4-HHcQCL1sEdvs6swfPdv7euw/w486-h640/Screenshot%20from%202022-05-11%2009-24-04.png" width="486" /></a></div>Now consider the AC circuit. ONLY resistance consumes power. Reactance absorbs and releases power. Z matching does not means setting the input and output equal, unless we want to lose half our power in the source. 60 years ago we would neutralize a circuit which meant adjust for phase shift. Reactance produces phase and imaginary power. Zero phase shift means resistive load and true power dissipation. So neutralize the circuit and set the phase angle to zero to get power transfer.<p></p><p>60 years ago neutralize the circuit. Today conjugate the reactance. In neither case are we setting Ri = Rl.</p><p>Food for thought.<br /></p><p>In the last post I said "TUNE" the ground and "TUNE" the antenna.</p><p>Would be better to say NEUTRALIZE the circuit reactance.</p><p>R + i0 feeding R + i0 provides maximum power transfer. </p><p>Low R feeding high R for best efficiency.</p><p>Years ago the device was named a tuner and that is how we describe it. </p><p> <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-86957958638106122522022-03-08T10:51:00.004-06:002022-05-14T19:43:20.164-05:00Artificial Ground or Tuning the ground or neutralizing the reactance in the ground loop.<p> The antenna tuner can have a section to tune the antenna and a section to tune the ground. You can search and find several commercial products and some created by hams. They are mainly for transmitter applications but could help a receiver too. Some popular home brew sets have tuners with matching. Anywho I assembled a little monitor and ran some test on my 7 foot whip using the chassis ground on my DX-160.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKubj8FAHYm4_J9mDMV2bkJzBllsdhPnjUtm0Pqt-aWtQEfJ4YVEMvIN4xRPbY9X__jsaqcYPAkkXCcnHEtpwzSCl1ezycNOdbpVLtGgwqsJPldB3t5B4LtF90KyVQ2SR-F2LQQTWiy2OjghrDzCrWz5MGE_FS094p3oPHqR9lK3DNdm7AqAXpioqiNw=s1525" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1525" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKubj8FAHYm4_J9mDMV2bkJzBllsdhPnjUtm0Pqt-aWtQEfJ4YVEMvIN4xRPbY9X__jsaqcYPAkkXCcnHEtpwzSCl1ezycNOdbpVLtGgwqsJPldB3t5B4LtF90KyVQ2SR-F2LQQTWiy2OjghrDzCrWz5MGE_FS094p3oPHqR9lK3DNdm7AqAXpioqiNw=w640-h302" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>It is fairly simple but does a good job. I am using the NanoVNA to sweep the circuit but you can use a signal generator. The sweep allows the operator to see where he is on the curve a fixed frequency will require a little searching. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhz_Fv59gz24cCL9045Y5d_kTFvsGyHno5qY-8d1jkZe_-yv9cjRkNo73sCn_JpJLprpVmCRBs99otFAMEpWoa1amnXPBOl8JR6B7uxiCObeacXhF0enuDEFchf65DgGofNIX0Ecv37dZ6wXrlyxRHZoWSS1UL3iMwfDcBoItS6fcP5IYbRt1TwYQ0UXQ=s563" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="469" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhz_Fv59gz24cCL9045Y5d_kTFvsGyHno5qY-8d1jkZe_-yv9cjRkNo73sCn_JpJLprpVmCRBs99otFAMEpWoa1amnXPBOl8JR6B7uxiCObeacXhF0enuDEFchf65DgGofNIX0Ecv37dZ6wXrlyxRHZoWSS1UL3iMwfDcBoItS6fcP5IYbRt1TwYQ0UXQ=w534-h640" width="534" /></a></div><br /><p>The antenna lead is simple threaded through the core. The core was from a core test. It was wound and tested to see the core properties. I did not count them but about 15 - 20 turns. I did measure to coil. It is 100uh. The meter is set to 50ua. You could use a DVM set to its lowest range. Use the pot to adjust the reading. (keep it on scale)<br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYiH-dBHNnhYJ1Xhxip1DzldTHddwexVtziLTVFLi2zYtiKwXhzOeo2XuYwUBEbFzf_TAz97EYqaCITro89oZvbZochC-3V64i2uwJuBQwXZntHXTQEnKK67aPgCAeJJIkJvb6xkLqYZIHjRgIIY2dyNuk8vYeC3JP9cex2dGU120mYnirkCdSzxbo8Q=s1522" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1522" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjYiH-dBHNnhYJ1Xhxip1DzldTHddwexVtziLTVFLi2zYtiKwXhzOeo2XuYwUBEbFzf_TAz97EYqaCITro89oZvbZochC-3V64i2uwJuBQwXZntHXTQEnKK67aPgCAeJJIkJvb6xkLqYZIHjRgIIY2dyNuk8vYeC3JP9cex2dGU120mYnirkCdSzxbo8Q=w640-h302" width="640" /></a></div><p>This is the circuit I used. The blue is RF. The lighter trace is DC output.I am using nanovna-saver to control and monitor the test. The program attaches to the vna, displays and records data. In the following shots I tested the whip against ground and then added a Vcap in series with the vna and ground. You will see the dip shifting as I change the Vcap setting. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEhJYddZWG1iIF_wuOxwis00Hg9LHgFCCYeHyehRKMI0cGUyVwCafialiNXaQtPRC0VVEVLLd2RIS-n2xibjdS9mx96xfsCbfAOrvdZfnWJt7xiNheGU-MNUS9WdSd4hl4B32jsY-KsxNEAYtmtlDhaVwxVGtGbkr2EeO3N-A-QIIcWfNfLpfQpUgMnA=s1531" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="1531" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgEhJYddZWG1iIF_wuOxwis00Hg9LHgFCCYeHyehRKMI0cGUyVwCafialiNXaQtPRC0VVEVLLd2RIS-n2xibjdS9mx96xfsCbfAOrvdZfnWJt7xiNheGU-MNUS9WdSd4hl4B32jsY-KsxNEAYtmtlDhaVwxVGtGbkr2EeO3N-A-QIIcWfNfLpfQpUgMnA=w640-h348" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOHdF7GKGVvJDnCqp9C9LLRWoebQh2g6qf0daA2vRLpGCBvPQbr4-oHutEGpsv22M9g4sqLd13M18ruOORA-OvPmjrR5c5y5lmO8q83e1cnyQM3sTB7KZrSZ-t0Vai3tNVPdjnH6xQTXvPPvE0m4kQ5CNbBxC9YiWnPzdFgsyzSWPC4pKUFHnJ2C8oIw=s1521" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="1521" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOHdF7GKGVvJDnCqp9C9LLRWoebQh2g6qf0daA2vRLpGCBvPQbr4-oHutEGpsv22M9g4sqLd13M18ruOORA-OvPmjrR5c5y5lmO8q83e1cnyQM3sTB7KZrSZ-t0Vai3tNVPdjnH6xQTXvPPvE0m4kQ5CNbBxC9YiWnPzdFgsyzSWPC4pKUFHnJ2C8oIw=w640-h352" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOlSwnHeQxLROTd_1KdG5GVoz14f762VdjqTQBT0vv20WnzZlnW7NHlSEUD2WXz6Wcka51YwFQ4I1FHgHXQjpsnvth7Gtk3Jht-B5AkAJ90qA13_5BdJw0cGTPvoj0NwSgdc6qJkgwW1-2eGNYroUmrFJrbOzAqab1ONPOp56NJGvVz2maWH3WzTxPoQ=s1527" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="1527" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOlSwnHeQxLROTd_1KdG5GVoz14f762VdjqTQBT0vv20WnzZlnW7NHlSEUD2WXz6Wcka51YwFQ4I1FHgHXQjpsnvth7Gtk3Jht-B5AkAJ90qA13_5BdJw0cGTPvoj0NwSgdc6qJkgwW1-2eGNYroUmrFJrbOzAqab1ONPOp56NJGvVz2maWH3WzTxPoQ=w640-h352" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4W0QNnEcp-iImXYIGC5H2iOQOzx1nK-nRfjksyApvQMuYGjCsS1XSuBGc5CXQ39Eftq7w2UkPoatC9dE9revAN9X6drF2uG18c_LlCyZkllt8XFZVN0sJ9Q4FGYS5QR3y8Q0gGgpGsLDbbTULS8PxhmCXbkXfseFFRqh1o2aIMBUii0moMppcQkGCtw=s1516" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="1516" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4W0QNnEcp-iImXYIGC5H2iOQOzx1nK-nRfjksyApvQMuYGjCsS1XSuBGc5CXQ39Eftq7w2UkPoatC9dE9revAN9X6drF2uG18c_LlCyZkllt8XFZVN0sJ9Q4FGYS5QR3y8Q0gGgpGsLDbbTULS8PxhmCXbkXfseFFRqh1o2aIMBUii0moMppcQkGCtw=w640-h350" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh4cUGmprVDT9M5oWulcmYLayxYYbpT6RiE4dnmb-xYjRQGsytcdESmx2nGjbzgIN_dC5JzCzrTV1S73AJ4eEQLhBkQurZ-YSU8_pblGXy65zh7fyrONkiCFOU9WPJQ8W29OlweljkBdsnAGi1oCqy1GXscMa8NeQ5PvoCaNoA1_zEmQdThSt4lKIDK6A=s1528" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="1528" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh4cUGmprVDT9M5oWulcmYLayxYYbpT6RiE4dnmb-xYjRQGsytcdESmx2nGjbzgIN_dC5JzCzrTV1S73AJ4eEQLhBkQurZ-YSU8_pblGXy65zh7fyrONkiCFOU9WPJQ8W29OlweljkBdsnAGi1oCqy1GXscMa8NeQ5PvoCaNoA1_zEmQdThSt4lKIDK6A=w640-h352" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuuxFwWVuzeCXV-KNKMe-GP4j2bWpoSUgMdrADW1dnV7wDmWq-66Rp7fHTFsNzMcMnFLVB3SJkUhKCecL2p_gBhj3n8SeBiAHc1aHdl4Lvyjd7LY7xEwl42LfC3J3aK91uwY4kML4KO6YezAUm_w9hPMFsz6734E265P3BwOBhmGWt5iR9VmIV57Z6Kw=s1530" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="831" data-original-width="1530" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuuxFwWVuzeCXV-KNKMe-GP4j2bWpoSUgMdrADW1dnV7wDmWq-66Rp7fHTFsNzMcMnFLVB3SJkUhKCecL2p_gBhj3n8SeBiAHc1aHdl4Lvyjd7LY7xEwl42LfC3J3aK91uwY4kML4KO6YezAUm_w9hPMFsz6734E265P3BwOBhmGWt5iR9VmIV57Z6Kw=w640-h348" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgY3ZkPrZCZr1JUeL9TLQmM_t5DdIxwXgBVW1tSRx2D9MBiqsSrWNjnw5KquSGMgVR91IN3665VcH7vTJuMxdd4ciEK5y77X81pHgDT6jYRLmGkWRmhPAz6ZXMm7zpEQfLTheDuFxwRH1VP74UFqax_BNpuv_LmU9d-QAPJYyZ988l1cLunYQhnvU7wmw=s1529" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1529" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgY3ZkPrZCZr1JUeL9TLQmM_t5DdIxwXgBVW1tSRx2D9MBiqsSrWNjnw5KquSGMgVR91IN3665VcH7vTJuMxdd4ciEK5y77X81pHgDT6jYRLmGkWRmhPAz6ZXMm7zpEQfLTheDuFxwRH1VP74UFqax_BNpuv_LmU9d-QAPJYyZ988l1cLunYQhnvU7wmw=w640-h352" width="640" /></a></div><p>When I have more time perhaps a dual circuit to monitor the antenna and the ground? </p><p>Tune the antenna with a PI network and the ground with a series LC?</p><p>That would require 3 or 4 Vcaps and some tapped coils. I thinking a simple arrangement would consist of 3 or 4 (yellow/white) cores with 1T, 2T, etc. and 3 or 4 (green) cores with 1T, 2T, etc.</p><p>I did a test board with 6 green cores and found the following reading at the taps.</p><p>1- 2.5uh</p><p>2- 12.8uh</p><p>3- 29.8uh</p><p>4- 68.7uh</p><p>5- 133uh</p><p>6- 213uh</p><p>It could use a switch or simply a clip lead to select the tap.</p><p>Um? more on that later.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-64521542798025079002022-02-22T15:57:00.000-06:002022-02-22T15:57:19.976-06:00simulators can be fun but...<p>I have been using EZNEC in WINE on a linux box.</p><p> https://www.eznec.com/</p><p>It works quite well but the screen size is to small for my ancient eyes.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgl4o3rxiOvplbUd1wSoPFs14QYYKLaJSWi9BHSm3CLpvqQis2GAz0zp47IsOIcAgI90HAlxstAeyRu_zEpyxwp0F-aAQM5rnHkjZZyhMWKMxyA0SmR9LpMKywRzIZXxip8c_RPOrm83zWd5JHmGdUpSQDmse2G1gblPqstLJVD6I_JUTBJaQIvFMz1qw=s709" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="709" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgl4o3rxiOvplbUd1wSoPFs14QYYKLaJSWi9BHSm3CLpvqQis2GAz0zp47IsOIcAgI90HAlxstAeyRu_zEpyxwp0F-aAQM5rnHkjZZyhMWKMxyA0SmR9LpMKywRzIZXxip8c_RPOrm83zWd5JHmGdUpSQDmse2G1gblPqstLJVD6I_JUTBJaQIvFMz1qw=w640-h390" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>I did a screen shot and enlarged it. The red note says the wire segment is to long. Note wire 2 Y = 70 feet.</p><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbJSriFDffCepnRMRRZ_WYNRN4BC6vNrQgllzIeRQLZOf5N4AJMGVk_xlw-XhvzTvzScmW_xAyGXNsd7fENXhKMh6ghLS1Eguz_yv2xeDS5iQwzsl9S9jBWf40-F7a-RYPQOBakcP_izgeeyu88vuT1Yh0cro7V59Hwr6icDAOo5BdsP3glxzNeFTAbA=s718" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="718" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbJSriFDffCepnRMRRZ_WYNRN4BC6vNrQgllzIeRQLZOf5N4AJMGVk_xlw-XhvzTvzScmW_xAyGXNsd7fENXhKMh6ghLS1Eguz_yv2xeDS5iQwzsl9S9jBWf40-F7a-RYPQOBakcP_izgeeyu88vuT1Yh0cro7V59Hwr6icDAOo5BdsP3glxzNeFTAbA=w640-h404" width="640" /></a></div><p>I shortened the wire to 60 feet and the red went away. Looking back at the first comment it says segment to long? Now look at the last column. 2 segments. I changed it to four and set the wire back to 120 feet. All is well. It would help to know some function running the math? Apparently the wire is divided into segments as part of the calculations?</p><p>Anywho here is the screen shot from Xnec2c ( the linux version of NEC).</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg9i2kvCpr4-o2_77T8Sk0cLf-X_8CZWMUnq0x1dxmjP5NNt1VcWmpKe129FaXhge23NbuCLPEcyix4m1fd4c2o6ujEyMVTvjA6eXeOMhnsWQGivDknaJE0UWSkqE6pvGDWQ4lRy2CuVCXL5YMFn7_HqQHIxHJNKnTORl_7RtMpJapyqaK9befcJKXMaw=s623" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="623" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg9i2kvCpr4-o2_77T8Sk0cLf-X_8CZWMUnq0x1dxmjP5NNt1VcWmpKe129FaXhge23NbuCLPEcyix4m1fd4c2o6ujEyMVTvjA6eXeOMhnsWQGivDknaJE0UWSkqE6pvGDWQ4lRy2CuVCXL5YMFn7_HqQHIxHJNKnTORl_7RtMpJapyqaK9befcJKXMaw=w640-h450" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>I learned something if I can remember it. Get the magnifier and read the comments carefully.</p><p>Thanks to Andy for the references to </p><p>nanovna-saver andSimNEC.</p><p>I downloaded and install both. They work well under Ubuntu.</p><p>I connected the nanovna to a 2 meter wire clipped to an ac register and the programs connected to the vna and displayed the antenna response.</p><p>They are fun to play with but will have some learning curve.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRIn0c5E0y6bWDe5j23TCaRFn9n6HFWboq2Qjr_vmF5UYZX5V5h693Gl67PJVSrLByNjOvswfd2HV62oBn92MmtxKYFIjeL9cmenW8Doj11OuGbSvyrch6keEpquO4R-_vLuOhF_CvFriW05UEaGck326O4ypKLTZdaTFD0O1kVR8zuDWbhJ6de2Hohw=s1530" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="1530" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRIn0c5E0y6bWDe5j23TCaRFn9n6HFWboq2Qjr_vmF5UYZX5V5h693Gl67PJVSrLByNjOvswfd2HV62oBn92MmtxKYFIjeL9cmenW8Doj11OuGbSvyrch6keEpquO4R-_vLuOhF_CvFriW05UEaGck326O4ypKLTZdaTFD0O1kVR8zuDWbhJ6de2Hohw=w640-h366" width="640" /></a></div><p>A sample shot from simNEC. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSgS_B_ZsEK3pjD5L6SWqyKR6tmUmyBHOSTVlfreLEn_YBhhCcSvDbGScaJmFKUQySEX4es6P03awHty6LUOoDC9xuUjzoSPhYipcIoSwXBfK_fRW8xYeBrBsm9JX5K3xPFssQwCo5Xfr0sLa-KMlffPpR7StYs_ordNZDQMEMW06jN_GjqQnzUORCCA=s1531" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="1531" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSgS_B_ZsEK3pjD5L6SWqyKR6tmUmyBHOSTVlfreLEn_YBhhCcSvDbGScaJmFKUQySEX4es6P03awHty6LUOoDC9xuUjzoSPhYipcIoSwXBfK_fRW8xYeBrBsm9JX5K3xPFssQwCo5Xfr0sLa-KMlffPpR7StYs_ordNZDQMEMW06jN_GjqQnzUORCCA=w640-h350" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>It plots the response and you build the network by simply click and drag.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-23426808586622812022-02-22T10:19:00.002-06:002022-02-22T11:55:53.940-06:00Z matching is not all to be concerned with<p> How would you connect a dipole (balanced system) to an unbalanced receiver? Problem is the dipole is not grounded and the receiver terminal is.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgh_qtjyaiq1PdIA9Y8aFdods709xhjc8P33v7x7kbryvFf7wtKDQTTn9c4N5riaYgLdxnwNgZQBr8YDefj1MvTn4FGLf5FR3E3mcxfGEukkhYHUEATsUggorAn0FH_6JCv0VMLyUVbyHk2DG8D7BxKfbcFqjWNHCQP4XDqCq6WEpxdufvEN6xSpqI_uQ=s768" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="768" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgh_qtjyaiq1PdIA9Y8aFdods709xhjc8P33v7x7kbryvFf7wtKDQTTn9c4N5riaYgLdxnwNgZQBr8YDefj1MvTn4FGLf5FR3E3mcxfGEukkhYHUEATsUggorAn0FH_6JCv0VMLyUVbyHk2DG8D7BxKfbcFqjWNHCQP4XDqCq6WEpxdufvEN6xSpqI_uQ=w640-h166" width="640" /></a></div><p>The balun not only overcomes the grounding half the signal problem it also add common mode rejection. As that antenna lead travels down from the attic it is subject to various noises. Terminal 1 and 2 feed the signal out of phase and the transformer passes it to the secondary. Noise arrives in phase and the center tap of the transformer disposes of them without any going to the secondary.</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-79503535999697069042022-02-21T11:45:00.004-06:002022-02-22T10:23:44.775-06:00Z matching continued...<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://ia601903.us.archive.org/30/items/bitsavers_motorolaapceMatchingNetworksAppliedToRFPowerTransi_7482694/AN-0721_Impedance_Matching_Networks_Applied_To_RF_Power_Transistors.pdf">Motorola app note</a></p><p>Motorola AN-0721 Z matching RF amps. The place to start</p><p> <a href="https://ia801007.us.archive.org/7/items/DTIC_AD0402852/DTIC_AD0402852.pdf">volume one</a></p><p>Volume one of two. 526 pages of data to start the journey.<br /></p><p><a href=" https://ia801008.us.archive.org/18/items/DTIC_AD0402930/DTIC_AD0402930.pdf"> Volume two</a></p><p>Volume two of two. 576 pages of data to continue the journey.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-48930603241530532052022-02-16T11:33:00.001-06:002022-02-19T09:03:28.669-06:00Z matching part 2<p>If you read the first part of the tutorial I linked in my last post this may be your uh hah moment. I will post one sim that tells a lot about web wisdom and reality. It will also lead to more questions. I hope to do another post to continue the story of Z matching. The journey continues.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEicXh9tJxWuykXoXFJiaYSjmKZO8O2WL3aijuf0jJ0xLC-Gjkeb4CWPapN-GzqWs9e6ocCi4RFHzY04C_OVOZTJbdB8lPsb1LodNmCqtNqLE08TOvQ25Ciq5M5qgtK7mYlexY2hP997hZDs6Pt09XA4CiK9k7SdImt63m6sJBssSyMzEgdWMbnALnsD6Q=s1526" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1526" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEicXh9tJxWuykXoXFJiaYSjmKZO8O2WL3aijuf0jJ0xLC-Gjkeb4CWPapN-GzqWs9e6ocCi4RFHzY04C_OVOZTJbdB8lPsb1LodNmCqtNqLE08TOvQ25Ciq5M5qgtK7mYlexY2hP997hZDs6Pt09XA4CiK9k7SdImt63m6sJBssSyMzEgdWMbnALnsD6Q=w640-h302" width="640" /></a></div><p>In the simulator you can set the generator Z and it will not be displayed. For this sim I set the internal Z to zero and placed a 50 ohm resistor in series with the load. Remember Power is equal to current squared time resistance. In both cases I have the same load so the power increase or loss is a square function. I(r5) is more than twice I(r2) so the power delivered is more than four times as much. Look at the voltage delivered to the loads. V1_out is one half the generator voltage wish tells Zg = Zl. Web wisdom states max power transfer is when Zg = Zl but they do not finish the story. The tutorial begins with that as the first step on the journey. The second step is to understand the power loss internal to the generator is one half of the available which is not acceptable. </p><p>1st step = Max power transfer Zg = Zl</p><p>2nd step = The generator is going to at least waste a lot of power and possibly smoke</p><p>3rd In some cases the power transfer is more efficient when a PROPER Z mismatch is used.</p><p>Years ago we were taught to use a MINIMUM of a ten to one ratio.</p><p>Later they said we should use a MINIMUM of 100 to one.</p><p>When do we really need be concerned about matching and how do we apply the matching for best advantage? </p><p>To be continued ..........<br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-12449802267100243802022-02-15T13:03:00.002-06:002022-02-15T13:03:22.012-06:00 definitive tutorial on Z matching ( 70 years ago )<p>When I took this course in 1960's it was state of the art. It is a little different today but the basics will never change. That said if you study this little 40 page tutorial you will have the basics for Z matching far beyond the one line continually misapplied. Many an expert will tell you that one line and stop. It is not meant to be the definitive statement but rather the teaser line that draws you into the study so either ignore the post or be prepared to study at least the first 5 or 6 pages. If you read the first page and say "that is what the other guy said." you will miss the point. It is the lead in not the final statement. So for the brave download and read the document.</p><p><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1L29Tgd21D5iv5R26zcrIKjZnz9F_4bri/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Z Matching</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1y_X2346KqfkJL99l8xKCmKSU8ChvDsyp/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Antenna data</a></p><p> </p><p> <br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-19181544093571511112022-02-13T11:02:00.000-06:002022-02-13T11:02:18.965-06:00Antenna tuner data<p> Just putting this here so I don't misplace it. It matches a low Z transmitter to a high Z load.</p><p>When feeding a high Z (100k's - meg ohm)receiver input circuit from an antenna with relatively low Z (less than 5K expected) could we benefit from this matching. Matching in order to produce loading in a transmitter and matching to produce maximum signal transfer in the receiver. <br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjeARTDuXULOth_YWO-3ydUzXxIVS2y0pR8ArDLi7DnaZPneBmX4VGa_sIr1WtZHU0W-XUDVw5vact-nHZmOJYqwNiu9PlVyo5EsJ0K4duF_5VAPVHFXNPZjnEY17qmJ_ZtxyMO7xUQgbxfWqQBKIDAJwSKk-tr8vWwF7Wr21kbQ3r2_ZD8wud87wAq_w=s694" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="694" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjeARTDuXULOth_YWO-3ydUzXxIVS2y0pR8ArDLi7DnaZPneBmX4VGa_sIr1WtZHU0W-XUDVw5vact-nHZmOJYqwNiu9PlVyo5EsJ0K4duF_5VAPVHFXNPZjnEY17qmJ_ZtxyMO7xUQgbxfWqQBKIDAJwSKk-tr8vWwF7Wr21kbQ3r2_ZD8wud87wAq_w=w640-h524" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmD4SJ8oR8JAAqFA83c4nJlCwsq1eT_lK1db5La41lN2GeT-I8TvT34gX09TKeqjhFTVHu9NhJJMKQ1pZQgwdFk_znngAhaQYlJgWfol0tArxHSLeJmkyBzuy4jdCS83s1duYWC35e62m8MDC5te9raJoc9tAT9U4FwWpzSac32MTTECOGa231un2nog=s472" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="319" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjmD4SJ8oR8JAAqFA83c4nJlCwsq1eT_lK1db5La41lN2GeT-I8TvT34gX09TKeqjhFTVHu9NhJJMKQ1pZQgwdFk_znngAhaQYlJgWfol0tArxHSLeJmkyBzuy4jdCS83s1duYWC35e62m8MDC5te9raJoc9tAT9U4FwWpzSac32MTTECOGa231un2nog=w432-h640" width="432" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-26376295221982080642022-02-09T15:16:00.002-06:002022-02-09T15:16:36.239-06:00Antenna matching in sim<p> In this series of shots I have the generator representing the antenna (signal). The Tline represents the coaxial cable. The load resistor represents the receiver. If you examine the series you will see matching for maximum signal to the receiver does not mean making the impedance's equal. </p><p>Two things to observe.</p><p>1. A minimum of a 10 to 1 Z ratio is better than Zi=Zo.</p><p>2. Reactance is our enemy. With resistors things go smoothly. Adding reactance upsets the apple cart.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhk4qGKvr5RrQwOyeEDtJSE9Vemk35Ym6gB9azL50GpkgSr-XE2MbuVE5r8dYKBPBVxby77ODwXRXCvtQ19Xau7VLtC9xcxCttgYj_U4djp8q4cPqbDMytsaFzPs4a4-gOp8cxyytNnv_Av-Y8F8Ose8Am9SIbnFHQDUbaB8op0OIWXj7OAkmsIYqHH2w=s1530" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="742" data-original-width="1530" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhk4qGKvr5RrQwOyeEDtJSE9Vemk35Ym6gB9azL50GpkgSr-XE2MbuVE5r8dYKBPBVxby77ODwXRXCvtQ19Xau7VLtC9xcxCttgYj_U4djp8q4cPqbDMytsaFzPs4a4-gOp8cxyytNnv_Av-Y8F8Ose8Am9SIbnFHQDUbaB8op0OIWXj7OAkmsIYqHH2w=w640-h310" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMrILqs6ilxujc-NVDF2BzC4tQ07boubai35VvyBcBD62BUqIEoFhwF7iCje0QfMBSd25Om5T_1_KaQmVfp8nXvw5QvHc_18-u3Qu0LXNIKDIpXwmkNNMAzO4IUp5uitSSzGh7ZC3BJ5RRXoGmWl53DPTL50iMlofCtO9y8ULNuPuGkPSng3Diq0rP_g=s1529" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1529" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMrILqs6ilxujc-NVDF2BzC4tQ07boubai35VvyBcBD62BUqIEoFhwF7iCje0QfMBSd25Om5T_1_KaQmVfp8nXvw5QvHc_18-u3Qu0LXNIKDIpXwmkNNMAzO4IUp5uitSSzGh7ZC3BJ5RRXoGmWl53DPTL50iMlofCtO9y8ULNuPuGkPSng3Diq0rP_g=w640-h308" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnGj-4wfofIuRNO3uzpJSI5vA4IvKChCd6WiNCFMMr1rqJDS43FgA9TayHjjEHv9aMjXHV1jrkzmEGvy1u6V8p7mH2MXaWauI3tllvSWuj90AXHAg8TlLIuuQTs10QD_c1q_677F4YPs88Mfs3V_VKgx4dTzX4yJO7DuLVzEyFNdMvM7nDjDP9k_-4HA=s1530" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="1530" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnGj-4wfofIuRNO3uzpJSI5vA4IvKChCd6WiNCFMMr1rqJDS43FgA9TayHjjEHv9aMjXHV1jrkzmEGvy1u6V8p7mH2MXaWauI3tllvSWuj90AXHAg8TlLIuuQTs10QD_c1q_677F4YPs88Mfs3V_VKgx4dTzX4yJO7DuLVzEyFNdMvM7nDjDP9k_-4HA=w640-h312" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1529" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEis_Qx32UaiFcMw458_I7Lxr63eJNgKOo6m1H2j9vyeC-pDR5kWGmGer-ikFqmOjUDotrm-Gqp1v1NXjHCkIXwprasH6NLVNbgT3nbTaf8ptsWgBvvbLim29NGroSS6Veqx6wOh6sIVaQPjGVFVib6Iv6R-19vlNi661YkIq1cNgtJllLHweBQVtyGmsg=w640-h312" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibenroNru7GzONzt3oajpO8NLw1T_KMAnoLdN2i90f7Ve3HPExcI4Vl6QsIjRuNo1chpOk5LeaJdaaEvDFIJ7aawpkrqftarDnYMzZNCYbrYmP5M3cnH2MYayw-heCvCNgCjzcjFkcqWYZihfBYdgryBxOjxsANPLuJdvqzwPdyv740cmouKM7RKMwiw=s1526" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1526" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibenroNru7GzONzt3oajpO8NLw1T_KMAnoLdN2i90f7Ve3HPExcI4Vl6QsIjRuNo1chpOk5LeaJdaaEvDFIJ7aawpkrqftarDnYMzZNCYbrYmP5M3cnH2MYayw-heCvCNgCjzcjFkcqWYZihfBYdgryBxOjxsANPLuJdvqzwPdyv740cmouKM7RKMwiw=w640-h312" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1530" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJ_Kjqs7XoQZBDYfuwtvvGVqOpLgsPl-MPdUteNZg6h4NPIGrhPKRPZ75AQaT6ZAkvMRY3l0jTeu2X1rMlzabJFBJUNk6kCK5e9jDFvDaXsGY5rBI5aL2hre4dPBk8STnMywyk3lycBGgkXgeIlC4g1QQjut6-hX3o7TfFAcwZPksdzRu6RDyjv2rrsw=w640-h312" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjeyX6onNHFk3JPuuZu274eyEo062ECjRx9gJOHsZ9siYKTlTzP_8byWoyTJEJ-vKCBWqjGH3oE22X-R4sGe4h8SGQYcmXyFHHofJnZO2__Tcg0CXdhjCVncCV9s20YIJOa_wWrxnfSPSnflhhF296uuosiGBUaVLVGAf4ihfWQpEF5une-3p4gkuaGhQ=s1532" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="1532" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjeyX6onNHFk3JPuuZu274eyEo062ECjRx9gJOHsZ9siYKTlTzP_8byWoyTJEJ-vKCBWqjGH3oE22X-R4sGe4h8SGQYcmXyFHHofJnZO2__Tcg0CXdhjCVncCV9s20YIJOa_wWrxnfSPSnflhhF296uuosiGBUaVLVGAf4ihfWQpEF5une-3p4gkuaGhQ=w640-h310" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQz_Oa3q7GV46FjyrcE0DU1foeUBncRt9ORy1SfpY4BBBnYia8BVxZocm4d9ngxQhB8MWxGVJKG4m8ya6m4qhAVL8_VDIsFkolS262g4JhLFTDeF5IJRLWSdAsnfZZIhiHHonElhQfQVwW2gyrHHrwMRPwOG-4cBHyb8VTCBs53wvGDof7pbOY7wPHJA=s1529" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="1529" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhQz_Oa3q7GV46FjyrcE0DU1foeUBncRt9ORy1SfpY4BBBnYia8BVxZocm4d9ngxQhB8MWxGVJKG4m8ya6m4qhAVL8_VDIsFkolS262g4JhLFTDeF5IJRLWSdAsnfZZIhiHHonElhQfQVwW2gyrHHrwMRPwOG-4cBHyb8VTCBs53wvGDof7pbOY7wPHJA=w640-h310" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMoZKqxFakvNHBXKuA8GNo_wRS-u9FYQlY_yBiV65lmiSQaW04RvcapwbAmSUclXMT9oYsCITZEprAKbPnag6BbLvA0P5p1PEkzMxRHsVeCF0tavKiaX-ZRRVVPmxaQBoqpJSVjG8z4AcSF55Dtv7j3BXRqho0LCzfkmJR3SEVl6KMEruZ7jOn0K_Bcw=s1525" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="1525" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgMoZKqxFakvNHBXKuA8GNo_wRS-u9FYQlY_yBiV65lmiSQaW04RvcapwbAmSUclXMT9oYsCITZEprAKbPnag6BbLvA0P5p1PEkzMxRHsVeCF0tavKiaX-ZRRVVPmxaQBoqpJSVjG8z4AcSF55Dtv7j3BXRqho0LCzfkmJR3SEVl6KMEruZ7jOn0K_Bcw=w640-h313" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>In the last shot it could be said I did a conjugate match.</p><p>It may also be said I neutralized the reactance to make a purely resistive circuit.</p><p>In the antenna circuit power may be measured in nano watts and voltages in micro volts. With a low (less than 400) ohm source and a load of several KOhms the voltage is what counts. A reactive source reduces the voltage. </p><p>Food for thought.</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-24410906883104093522022-02-01T09:37:00.002-06:002022-02-01T09:39:27.052-06:00inverted VEE antenna<p> Was looking at Cap top hat and came across this.<br /></p><p> Storing it here.<br /></p><p> </p><a href="https://rsars.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/80-15m-safari-inverted-vee-antenna-g3rwf-iss-1-31.pdf">Inverted Vee</a><br /><p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-55946939326447205992022-01-31T16:55:00.004-06:002022-01-31T16:55:51.430-06:00Proof of concept.<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJJtFo0Hhb1-pF7BdWscGMFGRxLx-Nxp2Z1DwzUk3ZC5lRLRwh1KqRvKrG8-4DltofzsvUmwJdVE3hszoOntTYTVjzzQA8Esbn49iTsGj3Yr5ypXRxVBNxSJB3lAuyKaDXGP1oNfOt9dM-8KXmAK33Wnzv46yxvt5a3pCZxUyFUb4s1RdQpU2yRmOLuA=s1522" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1522" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJJtFo0Hhb1-pF7BdWscGMFGRxLx-Nxp2Z1DwzUk3ZC5lRLRwh1KqRvKrG8-4DltofzsvUmwJdVE3hszoOntTYTVjzzQA8Esbn49iTsGj3Yr5ypXRxVBNxSJB3lAuyKaDXGP1oNfOt9dM-8KXmAK33Wnzv46yxvt5a3pCZxUyFUb4s1RdQpU2yRmOLuA=w640-h302" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhanEMY17KYfxPr-RhlwKvTy8gz1GIKv6uUoqkgp6d6tZcPdH6j4EsdVXEjO5cybC0-Nn50Ylx_ogGNgEWRdMPWDBm-ID92Gdt7ZcfHnxYEOl306y1HEbjVD1jGfd0VKkpPDTwujrwuy8WwP46R14TPuUsxh8NHkIKOHJBHAr71mWSh73aH0p7fzGM8IA=s1518" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1518" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhanEMY17KYfxPr-RhlwKvTy8gz1GIKv6uUoqkgp6d6tZcPdH6j4EsdVXEjO5cybC0-Nn50Ylx_ogGNgEWRdMPWDBm-ID92Gdt7ZcfHnxYEOl306y1HEbjVD1jGfd0VKkpPDTwujrwuy8WwP46R14TPuUsxh8NHkIKOHJBHAr71mWSh73aH0p7fzGM8IA=w640-h304" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjB2ghtyUmdxmZBL-cPTlPkB3leG-0XEVuYPe7CAAziNVEouY4hNeuEDbY5Lb7FNflorIr1Opb39hrrVSJrh6YAC2iLAIFnKL_bynG1dxTbv0KmW_lhkGzBeioE0Vdl6mssmg3VkDN8jOGZ8q_lTLByaQY8NqwBedLAYzd_XedBOliJwqWV86U0VWnVYQ=s1526" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="721" data-original-width="1526" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjB2ghtyUmdxmZBL-cPTlPkB3leG-0XEVuYPe7CAAziNVEouY4hNeuEDbY5Lb7FNflorIr1Opb39hrrVSJrh6YAC2iLAIFnKL_bynG1dxTbv0KmW_lhkGzBeioE0Vdl6mssmg3VkDN8jOGZ8q_lTLByaQY8NqwBedLAYzd_XedBOliJwqWV86U0VWnVYQ=w640-h302" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLQElP0UBbLIbobEaHch9hmbL2xMdIHvWKVlJ-ccTOS81IsoE-xXaRLuvX5duQ5WlEPTOkEYe3iWtGBF1lTAkIWrwDEzBkAbqI-DpaEr9BgczW3jBybrCHXEGpqRPXR27eS8NBM57TIBs9jz28DokHjeGDS0pO21lssrPtcCc6DPiD568TJkMVR_GUrg=s1521" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="1521" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLQElP0UBbLIbobEaHch9hmbL2xMdIHvWKVlJ-ccTOS81IsoE-xXaRLuvX5duQ5WlEPTOkEYe3iWtGBF1lTAkIWrwDEzBkAbqI-DpaEr9BgczW3jBybrCHXEGpqRPXR27eS8NBM57TIBs9jz28DokHjeGDS0pO21lssrPtcCc6DPiD568TJkMVR_GUrg=w640-h304" width="640" /></a></div>Yes. When I allowed for strays everything fell in place.<p></p><p><br /> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-1211865796199999062022-01-31T16:28:00.004-06:002022-01-31T16:28:57.177-06:00It is in how you figure?<p> If I have a 200uh coil and I want to tune 1-5 MHz what value should the tuning cap be?</p><p>1MHz 2MHz 3MHz 4MHz 5Mhz</p><p>126pfd 31pfd 14pfd 8pfd 5pfd</p><p><br /></p><p>Now if I mark my dial the scale does not match my Vcap values. Why?</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMalJjWusNhA7WJHuRTrLFh1rtX_Wj0bCMmsky_bBsrWw8tiLNTW9Z2ax_y-lf4jpEI-04hoGvKgpE-peejQuZPWRgpjc7QUZgJDzCnWlXtWzppQVZiP-iH6VIUR4YrXPsSuQfEhdg9tXrvX9Pvl7KEhHGXqK3ANlKWVWfl6gr4UQLMDtu7MqeuOpnNw=s1525" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1525" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhMalJjWusNhA7WJHuRTrLFh1rtX_Wj0bCMmsky_bBsrWw8tiLNTW9Z2ax_y-lf4jpEI-04hoGvKgpE-peejQuZPWRgpjc7QUZgJDzCnWlXtWzppQVZiP-iH6VIUR4YrXPsSuQfEhdg9tXrvX9Pvl7KEhHGXqK3ANlKWVWfl6gr4UQLMDtu7MqeuOpnNw=w640-h304" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEihPnVQrKW0Vk2XLC-APAyotQNc37jP1pxmfa8ZvrsFnnHbceICJNrTxk9g8I2BM0oWjG5bAPI9GUSxQlLeXXIHHh6y9MyE1p1ccyh_AQNHpgC5Yh64MEZfn2MhCLtIXPOotPUO5enzDTPZJdvOGDZg3HUawTYRWAZ39rHn75BDn-fRcSxPbvph8cwLeQ=s1528" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="724" data-original-width="1528" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEihPnVQrKW0Vk2XLC-APAyotQNc37jP1pxmfa8ZvrsFnnHbceICJNrTxk9g8I2BM0oWjG5bAPI9GUSxQlLeXXIHHh6y9MyE1p1ccyh_AQNHpgC5Yh64MEZfn2MhCLtIXPOotPUO5enzDTPZJdvOGDZg3HUawTYRWAZ39rHn75BDn-fRcSxPbvph8cwLeQ=w640-h304" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkHjvITBCmpjbgCZqfeMKeoPEKFWn7eR9ayeS94MEBVSr25zWZm3uWeH9HiSq_XIJVCF6jLwiXZWBlmNN7PpX-5iAzNklk_z7blTm88ebA-ULunEM8ZYApTYCECpPrapKspLQj0DAGY3_p4t6AV9_WX2GdHOprniSXHM4lGvG6UREuRiiym4Ik891G8A=s1520" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="1520" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkHjvITBCmpjbgCZqfeMKeoPEKFWn7eR9ayeS94MEBVSr25zWZm3uWeH9HiSq_XIJVCF6jLwiXZWBlmNN7PpX-5iAzNklk_z7blTm88ebA-ULunEM8ZYApTYCECpPrapKspLQj0DAGY3_p4t6AV9_WX2GdHOprniSXHM4lGvG6UREuRiiym4Ik891G8A=w640-h302" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPzeHdHpvhoKvwiwr4R2MdmFeAN2XkmQ8FQaBxoL6dXsfHtA4Ekh3JoZ00c3lR2eMHjUI4bFUfYlyVZregn7aojfiN2InN7MM734gZHwpmWTKwC4b3BCtf_CSgyvH14bGbC9tFOzxd6H2UeVKb3vQosTQra8NwJTsLOM9eQ8Co_JozCz-QGobRmUwH_Q=s1517" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="1517" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPzeHdHpvhoKvwiwr4R2MdmFeAN2XkmQ8FQaBxoL6dXsfHtA4Ekh3JoZ00c3lR2eMHjUI4bFUfYlyVZregn7aojfiN2InN7MM734gZHwpmWTKwC4b3BCtf_CSgyvH14bGbC9tFOzxd6H2UeVKb3vQosTQra8NwJTsLOM9eQ8Co_JozCz-QGobRmUwH_Q=w640-h304" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg948Wp0Wv5RsToLcvSZJCqjX2ZiBKIQH_8wYuGf1UuySh0dxJb4QkWsm6Pj1p6yOLG4Mjcqv5rKa2VSb2ZKaDB3pKWE9n3I2rsgh1MhW07Qu7Wal8f_-HqSFAIf7W-ZDkUYA1txmwTp4qwbqZJGnIbF0qXEEg215MBoVU8xvSMvShtyQXBsJbuVQ2dcg=s1526" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="1526" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg948Wp0Wv5RsToLcvSZJCqjX2ZiBKIQH_8wYuGf1UuySh0dxJb4QkWsm6Pj1p6yOLG4Mjcqv5rKa2VSb2ZKaDB3pKWE9n3I2rsgh1MhW07Qu7Wal8f_-HqSFAIf7W-ZDkUYA1txmwTp4qwbqZJGnIbF0qXEEg215MBoVU8xvSMvShtyQXBsJbuVQ2dcg=w640-h306" width="640" /></a></div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhfNeG2Ovxb9FszRntWAO5fMhvSXn1rdz9HWpJrQFPNMGGWJOGgrr8WvB8uFdkZMmXITmpyj3Xl7Q5POpeSWXFGeV79hVZSE2ihDWTertXGFC6OKIrT4Ugzb7gXxMHPLFJV2kLctbGIIpO42KaLbO8Uv526aR8JZZN_gGkhISDSCNJw0PSh9iXUcNcVXg=s1526" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>Notice the only place it is close is with the hi value cap. The lower the cap the more the strays effect the circuit.<br /><p><br /></p><p>When the dial does not match we can measure the cap and calculate the inductor value.</p><p><br /></p><p>1MHz 2MHz 3MHz 4Mhz 5MHz</p><p>129pfd 34pfd 17pfd 11pfd 8pfd</p><p>196uh 186uh 165uh 144uh 127uh</p><p>If we do not account for the strays it appears the inductor is changing value.</p><p>Maybe another series of scans with the adjusted values is in order?<br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-19917070642756384122022-01-07T15:13:00.000-06:002022-01-07T15:13:42.853-06:00RC transmitter in sim<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_C19zoYgBtETxLYmyK_6ceP391XdqR9jEQiFWGb9-rIqqAdNY6HZcbr8YCP3paUjYbIDnHQmwGcDUHeRJg_3bS44QfhV6g43h2QY4zEnCd4IGA9TlhZrFIVarGXNBbWJXknyy0QtZ6fCXzhgu0X6UrnJEVWyWg2H2tOg3C6uq3G3bRK7mujsfRuG5CA=s1548" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1548" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg_C19zoYgBtETxLYmyK_6ceP391XdqR9jEQiFWGb9-rIqqAdNY6HZcbr8YCP3paUjYbIDnHQmwGcDUHeRJg_3bS44QfhV6g43h2QY4zEnCd4IGA9TlhZrFIVarGXNBbWJXknyy0QtZ6fCXzhgu0X6UrnJEVWyWg2H2tOg3C6uq3G3bRK7mujsfRuG5CA=w640-h298" width="640" /></a></div><br /> The multivibrator chops the RF signal by switching the darlington pair on/off. The Darlington supplies power to the oscillator.<p></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSnzwtHQVNDX26yInr4zry5b75kaiif54LWlU-CIyAjGVZ6A2WCRJ3FiyKziI8QyN2QRub_P7uGUO4FZLaMh2TkycuBp9wLrjUC8WjOKC70iB3UR330OcydmsWH56TboaLXMXo-JlmQoG0syL0q6bdyzeBiu4Fvq2W11bYoWWBBSHliuIELutbn4YQIA=s1551" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="1551" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSnzwtHQVNDX26yInr4zry5b75kaiif54LWlU-CIyAjGVZ6A2WCRJ3FiyKziI8QyN2QRub_P7uGUO4FZLaMh2TkycuBp9wLrjUC8WjOKC70iB3UR330OcydmsWH56TboaLXMXo-JlmQoG0syL0q6bdyzeBiu4Fvq2W11bYoWWBBSHliuIELutbn4YQIA=w640-h298" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>The antenna is open circuit and the standing waves are there but you can see the switching.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiALIfhWL2ynsicr2PA02kY1BTNm_thz5tsELt9S9OcJdOdI4oXr6cudMb9pbHlr1eGMypLLB977LmauUjBlUQVa-Eols53K7LQq4dgccj03nnSA6lhV5M_Fk6XDTxaK8TzMRihoijNCvrlWgX1JrhHaxIK_ufdyNGpOXppFdm-MWPr7ZbXDHvcn0BzYw=s1548" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1548" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiALIfhWL2ynsicr2PA02kY1BTNm_thz5tsELt9S9OcJdOdI4oXr6cudMb9pbHlr1eGMypLLB977LmauUjBlUQVa-Eols53K7LQq4dgccj03nnSA6lhV5M_Fk6XDTxaK8TzMRihoijNCvrlWgX1JrhHaxIK_ufdyNGpOXppFdm-MWPr7ZbXDHvcn0BzYw=w640-h298" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Placing a resistor for the antenna produces a cleaner out put.</p><p>I have no data on the antenna. Something else to investigate?</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-39943600567197281132022-01-07T10:58:00.003-06:002022-01-07T12:35:43.382-06:00RC transmitter from Radio Constructor mag Sinclaire ST140 ST141<p> I am just putting this here before I lose it. I am locked from TRB again. A new member asked about Sinclair transistors.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghaTwI85zxKyXAtGhAvfFkwWJ8NK9ScvRr6t1496m79yuYrCNgwydlH6yOB9MDgJxWfhsYZaMaEuK2cbXFeE8e7RGbIMkueVCD1J2J8iaT5uTl76h_5SntJnirng4lq4FdFKsyxsSJ9tdXXy0Fayh3vX5VRNxU4fYioIlmnTzSP7tYjnicoiPS56SOsA=s1013" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1013" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghaTwI85zxKyXAtGhAvfFkwWJ8NK9ScvRr6t1496m79yuYrCNgwydlH6yOB9MDgJxWfhsYZaMaEuK2cbXFeE8e7RGbIMkueVCD1J2J8iaT5uTl76h_5SntJnirng4lq4FdFKsyxsSJ9tdXXy0Fayh3vX5VRNxU4fYioIlmnTzSP7tYjnicoiPS56SOsA=w640-h506" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiMDIoymAtAcYShepgf7wlVuwC6Nsy-2yl6KIGNGyvgNzAixYNl8BIsL1uGWrZrMZaXhI974W4_6935MydeToNoWqiTWuhHldvHP7-FR0t8sMR8tSCKeT7kRbZ5OonUjO-wOx8IfxNjD-8ezsybRHW7AQZVhA8fThOnb54O1o3cTV9GM4nljIhOJE4bEg=s500" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="500" height="606" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiMDIoymAtAcYShepgf7wlVuwC6Nsy-2yl6KIGNGyvgNzAixYNl8BIsL1uGWrZrMZaXhI974W4_6935MydeToNoWqiTWuhHldvHP7-FR0t8sMR8tSCKeT7kRbZ5OonUjO-wOx8IfxNjD-8ezsybRHW7AQZVhA8fThOnb54O1o3cTV9GM4nljIhOJE4bEg=w640-h606" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiS-SowZjZe1CYWfTtdveB2o5fZET578FszZg6mVb7Q6TxWsbAZsA05Isd3VXP9LPTjdCScC70eyE3NyUqyAn0OYi3in-qdKkDcZI3Dvlcl9erUMbn3c71lFiyWiNj9P32B7vW-1iNOqfWLFtS6viC8nEVc1xBMJhLoVo4LIiQn5VdgBfdO39ShR5HE6g=s301" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="301" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiS-SowZjZe1CYWfTtdveB2o5fZET578FszZg6mVb7Q6TxWsbAZsA05Isd3VXP9LPTjdCScC70eyE3NyUqyAn0OYi3in-qdKkDcZI3Dvlcl9erUMbn3c71lFiyWiNj9P32B7vW-1iNOqfWLFtS6viC8nEVc1xBMJhLoVo4LIiQn5VdgBfdO39ShR5HE6g=w640-h353" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLrUF-ufbpCWtXfy9PUDGcaIsRYOinLkZzcxtbsLop_SMeWRdbJ6YVXuyf6SgISrDTjo7AjdQvEK8lmjrf8vFQ04G9LUEANnvrO4DFuHJb6sHbA9KA0lQQHnEnBp0gNVc_IqsvyCxSuNVi0wRX6HgbizcPWxU2nMiA6fZVUu4v8ZyUlOvrlghdS3uSxw=s564" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="564" height="606" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjLrUF-ufbpCWtXfy9PUDGcaIsRYOinLkZzcxtbsLop_SMeWRdbJ6YVXuyf6SgISrDTjo7AjdQvEK8lmjrf8vFQ04G9LUEANnvrO4DFuHJb6sHbA9KA0lQQHnEnBp0gNVc_IqsvyCxSuNVi0wRX6HgbizcPWxU2nMiA6fZVUu4v8ZyUlOvrlghdS3uSxw=w640-h606" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEio6R9hKQGK1B0ScJJeNXNmknz_2hd6qPVGAZCPtXHT1xpnUXPJLP2UaNKUtfDyQ28KqDBbPGpWeOGahssELro-yyO22y2725_7r9sIoInLQIctkTFqvIPNIfOqvot4vyc7-rrkmtXk9vR1-HSEhVCWNu5TXnZxWTSDSExz1mRBNfajmoLi-n3Q5CkYjg=s501" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="501" height="484" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEio6R9hKQGK1B0ScJJeNXNmknz_2hd6qPVGAZCPtXHT1xpnUXPJLP2UaNKUtfDyQ28KqDBbPGpWeOGahssELro-yyO22y2725_7r9sIoInLQIctkTFqvIPNIfOqvot4vyc7-rrkmtXk9vR1-HSEhVCWNu5TXnZxWTSDSExz1mRBNfajmoLi-n3Q5CkYjg=w640-h484" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>It works in the simulator using 2N2222 and 2N3904 transistors and 1N914 diodes.</p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1107814481501412267.post-88141852785096136572022-01-06T18:16:00.005-06:002022-01-06T18:16:56.581-06:00Using a DBM as a modulator for my KKMOON generator.<p> Silly me bought a KKMOON Dual Channel Generator. Nice little generator but it has to be programed. When I used Windows XP I could attach to it and produce a modulated signal. It was a pain programming, instructions not in English. Anywho I no longer have the program and I really want to be able to modulate the signal. My solution may not be the best but it was easy to build and works.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNpfK_9VIRnYmFWpgxy5PQZJ3vqiWoSgJBeWK0D4stj7jpZhp85SBb7fxBaLUxycL2qjYEym9Bo7w0pdxG_sJnAjrrvU--xFjPeLe6aQ-uU9ppazra3Hy9LPyIiVz9YezmD9b4mhbuLqAjE76dER5PH_gJGVp3gkpli-ePHbmLbCzlYxyzGXFNxJsLiw=s2576" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2576" data-original-width="1932" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNpfK_9VIRnYmFWpgxy5PQZJ3vqiWoSgJBeWK0D4stj7jpZhp85SBb7fxBaLUxycL2qjYEym9Bo7w0pdxG_sJnAjrrvU--xFjPeLe6aQ-uU9ppazra3Hy9LPyIiVz9YezmD9b4mhbuLqAjE76dER5PH_gJGVp3gkpli-ePHbmLbCzlYxyzGXFNxJsLiw=w480-h640" width="480" /></a></div><p>The DBM is simple to build just 3 connectors, 4 diodes and 2 transformers.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixplEWmbBr_NGd0ocPRrODsscyMyVPz9jZRygY8OZ72cshzE0Yjpm4XYiP5rrtjIkUCRVFTv2ZGxuugLSpom6eJ_JywwO5ytF6yu6RZq8YBTKhYdGqyPybWdTSjb6_FVfLf3HaHo2oKHx1kaac_HVenx3m5DvIBN4b8W8Is7g6-4cuuBq4S81pQPfXcA=s2576" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2576" data-original-width="1932" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixplEWmbBr_NGd0ocPRrODsscyMyVPz9jZRygY8OZ72cshzE0Yjpm4XYiP5rrtjIkUCRVFTv2ZGxuugLSpom6eJ_JywwO5ytF6yu6RZq8YBTKhYdGqyPybWdTSjb6_FVfLf3HaHo2oKHx1kaac_HVenx3m5DvIBN4b8W8Is7g6-4cuuBq4S81pQPfXcA=w480-h640" width="480" /></a></div><br /><p>It is made on a handy box lid. The 2" X 4" electrical box makes a good rugged project box.</p><p>I tried it and it worked well. </p><p>I will make some "custom" cables.<br /></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0